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Evicted读后感10篇

2018-05-08 20:11:02 来源:文章吧 阅读:载入中…

Evicted读后感10篇

  《Evicted》是一本由Matthew Desmond著作,Crown出版的Hardcover图书,本书定价:USD 28.00,页数:432,文章吧小编精心整理的一些读者读后感希望对大家能有帮助

  《Evicted》读后感(一):Oh this vulnerable and ingenue world (这个脆弱又诡诈的世界

  社会田野研究者有冷静眼睛和冷静的头脑。他们讲故事,总是只记录,只述说,只指向社会现状。读着又丧又停不下来;又觉得合理又觉得难过。比如Pam(p.49)生活在一个贩毒的家庭。她洁身自好,勉力为生,直到有一天一通电话告诉她—她的弟弟死了。在看接下来这一段的时候,我想到了很多(比如高塔奇人S1E7):

  The words to describe the drug--"crack", "rock"--gave off the impression that it was a gnarled, craggy thing. But when you held it in your hand, it could be smooth and elegant. It could look like a piece of Chiclets gum, the kind that slides into a child's cupped hand out of the quarter-turn machine. All those years with the drug dealer, Pam had stayed away from it. But she also saw the way it helped people forget. "There was not a day that went by that I wasn't fucked up on something," Pam remembered. "And sometimes I'd be like, 'Wow. I haven't even cried for him yet.' But I didn't. Before I would, I'd go and get high."

  人好像是被俘虏的囚犯,又好像是主动跳入网罗的小兽;看似自我选择了最好的解决方式,却被罪牢笼,越陷越深越深...从这个角度看,这本书只是把人放在一个极端恶劣的小空间里,暴露人里面怀有期待前途无量和不肯承认的前途无望。

  最近又是在经历生活的转折点。虽然远没有这本书里冰冷到不动声色,可以遥遥往前看,却也好像突然看不到下一个起点(更不要说终点)。但人的处境哪有什么二般。没有人是一座孤岛,没有人渴望做一个被驱逐者,没有人不希望自己在找寻家的路上,深知自己拥有一个真正的家。图书馆催着还书,有时间,有时间一定会把这本书读完。算是对这个曾经向往的“天上之国”的追悼吧。

  注:题目来自p5: Eviction reveals people's vulnerability and desperation, as well as their ingenuity and guts.

  《Evicted》读后感(二):书像小说,故事却是真实

  刚不久宣布的今年普利策奖获奖名单。四月基本在读非虚构书籍。选择这本获奖作品非虚构类。Evicted用讲故事的方式描写美国的贫困问题。这本书也是《纽约时报》评出2016最佳10本书之一。贫困问题像dirty laundry,一般大家避而不谈。记得几年前普利策奖摄影师Peter曾在我们学校做过演讲,送他回酒店途中经过深圳城中村,我说这是深圳的另一面,他说哪里都有,纽约也这样。(Set in Milwaukee, Desmond's book was among a wave of works that explored poverty, race and the class divide, themes that had special resonance as Republican Donald Trump )查了一下报道:美国贫富不均日趋严重,在书中提到的Milwaukee,一半的人口经济挣扎,其中2015年贫困线下人口达到34%。历史上60年代这里是种族隔离最严重的城市之一。在BBC看过类似的报道,Trump能获选成功不是意外,是有现实感。只不过大家都是后知后觉。post truth(The study, by the Economic Innovation Group, found the gap between the richest and poorest American communities widening, and ranked Milwaukee the seventh most distressed city in America, with 52% of the population considered economically distressed.)

  《Evicted》读后感(三):Caring for the poor

  I have to say, this book is written with great love and compassion. In Chinese, there's a word called'赤子之心', and it's completely for the author, who has deep love for the country and truely sympathy for the poor. In ancient China, he may have been one of the great poets to reveal the society problems, but in mordern American, he try to analyse and solve the problems in a more socientific way.

  The books tells stories between tenants and landlords in Milwaukee, or maybe mainly the tenants, who belongs to the poor. And they are binded up with the process of eviction. That's how the author cut into the problems.

  efore beeing evicted, the poor people mainly the black already lived a miserable life. The books also writes what their life used to be and how they got into such conditions. And not only the life of the tenant, but also everything about how their children, spouses, parents, friends, nighbours lives. As obviously, their life is no more better than the tenants. Take for an example, one man lost his feet just because of snow coldness and another middle class nurse man lost his license, house and everything and lives like walking trash just because at first his additciton to pain killer leads him to drugs. It's hard to image such things happened to people, but it's real life and they just happened.

  And then, they were not only abandoned by the socity, but also the landlords. No job and not enough assurance money from goverment leads their evictions. The book followed how they were evicted and what happens during their eviction. It try to ask if the law protected them or the landlords and how the eviction records will affected their rent life after.

  As time goes on, now new house searching journey beigins. Public house service is always responding with waiting in line status. When it's their turn, it may have passed 5 years averagely. So going for landlords directly is the most common way for the poor black. In fact, the net profit from the poor's rent is much higher than from the middle class. Even though, when they begin to find a new house, they may have dailed 50 landlords to beg for a new house. Undre such condition, they have no bargin with the landlord.

  That's how the poverty happeded with all the eviction process circles on. Life still remains hard. So if there is no hope in life, that's how the poor behave, they feel themselves with no pride, lives in rubbish, try to satisfy themselves at any moment, are selfish and cold hearted. If someone still is trying to be nice, life will fuck him up and say no. That's when they may think whatever happens can the life be any worser. All in one, It's miserable to be poor and man has right not live in misery because of lack of basic living need.

  If the books stops here, it may not be that great. The author widden his survey to more cities. When the author knows the facts, he finds where the laws flaws and solutions come out from laws. Also it draws attention to the society, so more and more people get involved to fix the poor rent problems. All the society should and begin to work on it. That's how great books should work. Well done!

  In China, there are similar books like <出梁庄记> by lianghong.

  Man's civilization is based on caring for the poor.

  《Evicted》读后感(四):有感情色彩的动词

  1. Grandmothers watched from porch chairs as black boys laughingly made their way to the basketball court.

  2. Sherrena wound her way through the North side, listening to R&B with her window down.

  《Evicted》读后感(五):转自The Guardian 4月7日Evicted by Matthew Desmond – what if the problem of poverty is that it’s profitab

  Katha Pollitt

  What if the dominant discourse on poverty is just wrong? What if the problem isn’t that poor people have bad morals – that they’re lazy and impulsive and irresponsible and have no family values – or that they lack the skills and smarts to fit in with our shiny 21st-century economy? What if the problem is that poverty is profitable? These are the questions at the heart of Evicted, Matthew Desmond’s extraordinary ethnographic study of tenants in low-income housing in the deindustrialised middle-sized city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

  You might not think that there is a lot of money to be extracted from a dilapidated trailer park or a black neighbourhood of “sagging duplexes, fading murals, 24-hour daycares”. But you would be wrong. Tobin Charney makes $400,000 a year out of his 131 trailers, some of which are little better than hovels. Sherrena Tarver, a former schoolteacher who is one of the only black female landlords in the city, makes enough in rents on her numerous properties – some presentable, others squalid – to holiday in Jamaica and attend conferences on real estate.

  Desmond follows the intertwined fortunes of eight families and a host of minor characters. Arleen Belle and Doreen Hinkston are black mothers clinging to the edge of low-wage employment; Crystal and Trisha are fragile young black women whose upbringing was violent and chaotic; Lamar is a genial black father of two who lost both his legs to frostbite when he passed out on crack in an abandoned house; Scott is a white male nurse who lost his licence when he stole opioids from his patients; Larraine, also white, is a slightly brain-damaged sweet soul. It is sometimes a little hard to keep up with the storylines as they weave in and out of the text, but no matter. What is important is that Desmond takes people who are usually seen as worthless – there is even a trailer-dweller nicknamed Heroin Susie – and shows us their full humanity, how hard they struggle to retain their dignity, humour and kindness in conditions that continually drag them down.

  The main condition holding them back, Desmond argues, is rent. The standard measure is that your rent should be no more than 30% of your income, but for poor people it can be 70% or more. After he paid Sherrena his $550 rent out of his welfare cheque, Lamar had only $2.19 a day for the month. When he is forced to repay a welfare cheque he has been sent in error and falls behind on rent, he sells his food stamps for half their face value and volunteers to paint an upstairs apartment, but it is not enough. People such as Lamar live in chronic debt to their landlord, who can therefore oust them easily whenever it is convenient – if they demand repairs, for example, like Doreen, or if a better tenant comes along. Sherrena liked renting to the clients of a for-profit agency that handles – for a fee – the finances of people on disability payments who can’t manage on their own. Money from government programmes intended to help the poor – welfare, disability benefits, the earned-income tax credit – go straight into the landlord’s pocket and, ironically, fuel rising housing costs. Public housing and housing vouchers are scarce. Three in four who qualify for housing assistance get nothing.

  Even in the Great Depression, evictions used to be rare. Now, each year, hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of renters are put out on the street. Even a paid-up tenant can be easily evicted. Arleen loses one apartment when her son Jori throws a snowball at a passing car and the enraged driver kicks in the front door, and another when the police come after Jori when he kicks a teacher and runs home. Any kind of trouble that brings the police can lead to eviction, which means women can lose their homes if they call 911 when their man beats them up. Think about that the next time someone asks why women don’t call the cops on violent partners.

  As Desmond shows, the main victims of eviction are women. Why? They are paid less than men for doing the same job. They are less able to make deals with their landlord, who is almost always a man, to work off part of their rent with manual labour. The main reason, though, is that women are raising children as single mothers. They not only have all the costs and burdens of childrearing, they need bigger apartments – which, since landlords dislike renting to families with young children, are harder to find and a lot harder to keep. Other sociologists – Kathryn Edin, for example – have found that single mothers often get help under the table from their children’s fathers, but Arleen, Doreen and Doreen’s adult daughter Patrice get mostly trouble from men, who are variously abusive, addicted, vanished or in prison. In one of the book’s many small sad moments, Arleen claims she receives child support in order to seem more stable and respectable to a prospective landlord. In fact, she gets nothing.

  Desmond lays out the crucial role housing plays in creating and reinforcing white privilege. In Milwaukee, one of the most segregated cities in the US, all black people suffer from housing discrimination and all white people benefit at least a little from the racial dividend – a landlord who will rent to them but not to black people, for instance, or offer them a nicer apartment. Black people have the worst housing in the worst neighbourhoods – the great fear of the trailer-park people, who are all white, is that they will end up on the black side of town. Eviction hits black women hardest of all, and the bleak benches of housing courts, which deal with disputes between landlords and tenants, are full of black women and their children: “If incarceration had come to define the lives of men from impoverished black neighbourhoods, eviction was shaping the lives of women. Poor black men were locked up. Poor black women were locked out.”

  What are the social costs of eviction? It puts incredible stress on families. It prevents people from saving the comparatively small sums that would let them stabilise their situation. They are always starting over from scratch, losing their possessions in the chaos of removal, or putting them in storage and losing them when they can’t pay the fees. An eviction on your record makes the next apartment harder to get. Eviction damages children, who are always changing schools, giving up friends and toys and pets – and living with the exhaustion and depression of their parents. We watch Jori go from a sweet, protective older brother to an angry, sullen boy subject to violent outbursts who is falling way behind in school.

  Eviction makes it hard to keep up with the many appointments required by the courts and the byzantine welfare system: several characters have their benefits cut because notices are sent to the wrong address. Eviction destroys communities: when people move frequently, they don’t form the social bonds and pride in place that encourage them to care for their block and look out for their neighbours. “With Doreen’s eviction, Thirty-Second Street lost a steadying presence – someone who loved and invested in the neighbourhood, who contributed to making the block safer – but Wright Street didn’t gain one.”

  “There is an enormous amount of pain and poverty in this rich land,” Desmond writes in his conclusion. That is easy to say, and many books by journalists and academics have done so. By examining one city through the microscopic lens of housing, however, he shows us how the system that produces that pain and poverty was created and is maintained. I can’t remember when an ethnographic study so deepened my understanding of American life.

  《Evicted》读后感(六):无处安身的贫穷

  听这本书时占据脑海的念头如下:

  1) 这真是我近些年来所读到最让人心碎绝望的书之一。

  2) 我曾经以为起码在阅读里,贫穷对于我不是什么新鲜事物——譬如Hillbily Elegy里面的贫穷和绝望也够深够广,我当时听着也并不觉得震撼惊奇,但看完这本书,我发现自己所知甚少,还有极大被震撼的空间。

  3) 我一直觉得,不同人生中的艰难困苦是无法比较的,但同时,我也不得不承认,这本书里的人是底层中的底层,他们遭遇的一切,所反映的是这个社会最丑恶的歧视、最冷漠的忽略,和最不公的制度,在他们的遭遇面前,我所听过的许多其他故事都显得苍白。

  4) 这本书数据质量之高,思考之深入,绝对对得起学术良心;而字里行间的关怀和急切,也完全对得起做人的良心。难怪这本书的作者,在2015年被授予Macarthur Genius Award。

  --------

  这本书的作者,Matthew Desmond现在是普林斯顿社会学系的教授(之前在哈佛)。写这本书的材料来自于他在威斯康星念博士时候的实地调研——他当时对housing,或者说private rental market对穷人的影响很有兴趣,于是去Milwaukee的一个专给穷人住的trailer park去住了一阵,后来又搬去inner city专给黑人住的廉价租房,在这段时间里,他跟踪研究采访了许多租客,以及两地的房东。除了定性调研,Desmond也做了定量问卷,这些研究的结果,以及实地观察的体验,成为了这本书的主体。

  在与穷人租客共同生活的数个月里,他目睹了贫穷、暴力、绝望,也见证了温暖、希望和奋斗。但总的来说,后者只是前者遮天盖地的惨淡背景上微弱的火花。

  这书里有黑人,有白人,带着孩子过活的单亲妈妈,有因为吸毒而丢掉护士执照的同性恋,有双腿残废的老者,有刚刚从儿童福利院出来的十九岁少女,还有两个赚钱赚到盆满钵盈的房东。作者是个学者,书写得克制,但借用文学技巧,每个人的线时而平行,时而交错穿插,虽然最开始觉得人物芜杂,有时听得一头雾水,但过了开头以后,开始被每个人物的命运所吸引,再也难以丢开。

  书叫做Evicted,顾名思义,这本书的重点放在租客被房东驱逐这件事上面。作者用细腻的笔触和详实的数据,描述出底层租客动荡的生活。研究显示,财政稳定的家庭或个人,所支付的房租应该不超过收入的百分之三十,然而对于书里几乎每一个租客来说,租金都占到了他们收入的百分之七十或更高。书里数次算账,有的租客每月六七百块钱的SSI支票,扣除房租之后只剩下一百块或者几十块供一家数口生活,哪怕有食品券,还是难以为继。如此高的租金收入比例,同时也意味着容错空间非常小,一次婚礼或者葬礼,一次出行,一次头脑发热不明智的消费,一次由于政府失误而寄丢的福利支票,都可能会让租客在欠账的道路上越滑越远,最后被房东驱逐。

  但如果仅仅是见证“穷人更容易交不起租金,所以容易被房东驱逐”,这本书不算出色。之所以它是令人深思的好书,是因为作者令人信服地指出,被中断租约赶出住房,不但是贫困的果,也是造成更深贫困的根。被驱逐可能带来金钱和物质上的损失——譬如书里带着两个儿子的黑人单亲母亲Arleen就因为数次被房东驱逐,不但住处越来越差,还因为付不起storage的钱,最后薄产尽失。驱逐还往往带来许多多米诺骨牌一样的继发事件。譬如,因为需要赶忙找下一个住所,租客需要长时间地打电话、坐着公车四处找房,不能上工,丢掉工作,财政情况进一步恶化。还常有人在搬家的忙乱里忘掉了和社工的appointment,被吊销社会福利,失去唯一的收入。

  贫穷以及被驱逐的风险给人带来极大的精神困扰和压力,本身也促使人做出不理智的举动。譬如作者指出,有的穷人月初拿着福利薪金去买龙虾大餐、电视、化妆品,新衣新鞋,也许在普通人眼里看来是极不负责任的行为,但他替这些人算账,由于房租高昂,就算省吃俭用,一年下来也不过省出一个月的租金,如果遇上意外,很可能就消失殆尽,咬紧牙关存钱对他们意义甚小,反正人生如此无望,不如一次挥霍,总有一点亮色。所谓通过自己努力改变命运,在长期生活在绝望的人身上,只是一句可笑的空话。

  一次驱逐,往往会让租客陷入长期动荡的生活——被房东驱逐所会留下案底,增加未来租房的困难。书里提到,Milwaukee租房市场上,最破最穷地区的一套没有热水、没有炉子、肮脏不堪、还不包括电气的trailer home,也要五六百块钱一个月,而相对富裕稳定的城区里一套公寓不过七八百块钱。换句话说,因为需求多选择少,面向穷人的租房市场完全是卖方市场,房东们不但索取高昂的租金,而且不必下本钱装修维护房子,高收入低成本,是相当赚钱的收入。书一个专营面向底层黑人租房的黑人女房东,拥有价值近两百万的房产,而主要面向贫穷白人的trailer park房东,年收入在四十万以上。Eviction不但把穷人往贫穷的深渊里越推越深,也加剧租房市场上财富、地位、力量的极度不平衡,同时,从社会层面上,也造就了贫穷极度集中、有进无出的黑洞,成为犯罪和各种社会问题的温床。

  那么,什么样的人容易被驱逐?除了显而易见的原因——贫穷、欠租金以外,书里还指出两个常人想不到的原因,第一,女性比男性跟容易被驱逐;第二,有小孩的家庭和没有小孩的相比,被驱逐的风险要高出三倍以上。女性比男性容易被驱逐的原因很多,一方面女性性格相对柔顺,再加上许多是心力交瘁的单亲母亲,无心无力和房东抗争。另外,男性可以经常自荐劳力,帮房东做些力气活,以此减免一些租费,而女性很少去争取也很难争取到这类私活——当然,也有一些女性会为了减免房租,向房东出卖肉体,但那毕竟相对是少数。此外,房东最恨的,无非是招来警察。而底层女性,时不时会因为家庭暴力而报警(或被邻居报警),非常讽刺而不幸的是,一旦惊动警察,房东往往会把这些“惹是生非”的女性扫地出门,于是家庭暴力的受害者,同时也会因此成为无家可归的牺牲品。在Milwaukee的eviction court里,几乎大半都是黑人女性——用书里一句让人印象深刻的话来说“Poor black men are locked up while poor black women are locked out.”

  而在被驱逐的女性之中,许多都是母亲——家有小孩是另一个被驱逐的风险因素。一方面小孩子本性淘气,再加上贫穷的母亲无力管教,很容易损坏房屋,而且,有孩子的家庭更容易被Child Protection Service盯上,给房东带来麻烦。至于十来岁的青少年,更容易因为不法举动招来警察,是房东眼中钉肉中刺。而书里,最让我感到心碎的,也正是这些贫穷家庭里孩子的遭遇,譬如Arleen的两个儿子,生活动荡不安,随时会头顶片瓦无存,衣食无着。他们在一年多的时间里因为搬家五次转校,生活里陌生人来来往往(往往是Arleen不得不与之同住的陌生人或者熟人),冲突不断,我不知道谁能在这样的环境里成长为一个心理健康的人,更不要说安心学习,改变命运。于是贫穷一代代固化,阶层上升通道紧闭,贫穷的家庭永远看不到希望。在书里,Arleen被驱逐出十三街的住所之后,打了八十九个电话才找到一个能接受他们母子三人的地方,由于新家不能养宠物,他们把自己收留的一只小猫留给了邻居。几个月以后,Arleen再次被驱逐,经过十三街,才被告知小猫已经被车压死。Arleen十一二岁的大儿子在屋里用拳头痛击窗台,直到Arleen尖叫着让他住手。比起书里他们所遭受的各种物质困苦,这一段却特别让我触动,那一刻我似乎心底也被人痛击,悲伤得难以呼吸。

  在书里跟踪的八名租客之中,只有一个人在书的末尾算是逃出了无家可归的窘境,Scott。Scott出生在Iowa的一个小农庄,是个同性恋,长大后到威斯康辛学习工作,成为一名护士。但后来,他因为阿片类镇痛剂上瘾而丢掉了护士工作,贫困潦倒七八年,被trailer park驱逐,绝望中也曾参加类似Alcohol anonymous的戒毒组织,但收效甚微,最后,他在一次回家探亲的旅途之后终于鼓足勇气,用找母亲借来的一百五十块钱注册了药物戒毒program,并且开始在自己居住的shelter做志愿者,慢慢开始manage shelter的各种日常活动,并成为正式雇员。在书的最后,他得到shelter的租房资助,在Milwaukee一个颇为富裕的街区租了一套公寓——每个月只需付一百多月租。他在搬进去一个多月以后才开始相信,这个舒适干净的公寓确实属于自己。他开始慢慢重拾信心,开始规划人生,冰箱上贴着未来五年的计划——通过长达数年的drug test,regain护士执照,挣很多很多钱,以及,拥有一个银行储蓄账号。

  回过头来看,我一点也不奇怪为什么Scott是唯一的特例——男、白人、有良好的教育和工作背景,出生在一个相对稳定有爱的家庭(虽然早年也曾遭受性侵)。而且,他的成功,很大程度上也是戒毒的经典案例,印证了许多公共卫生和社会学研究里的通行观点——药物成瘾是一种疾病,必须采用公共卫生的举措,有据可循(evidence based)的方法来应对。相反,把药物成瘾看做道德败坏和灵魂腐朽的后果,依靠洗涤心灵或者囚禁肉体来拯救上瘾者的做法,往往毫无效果甚至适得其反。可惜,由于社会的成见,虽然有不少数据支持药物戒毒、针头交换(needle exchange)和安全注射所(Supervised Injection Facilities)这些项目的有效性,在社会上却推行起来困难重重。更有Jeff Sessions之流成天叫嚣严刑重典,不但于事无补,还会给少数族裔和底层人民带来更大的负担,进一步加深问题,对此我只能一再翻白眼。

  书的大部分内容,都是第三人称的叙事——Desmond专门在书末提到,他刻意避免田野研究(field study)中常见的第一人称写法,是希望大家把着眼点放在租客与房东身上,尽量弱化自己的观点和视角带来的影响。他做到了。但在书的最后一章,Desmond终于浮现出来,他简短地叙述了自己的成长经历和研究兴趣,为读者呈现了大量定量的数据,并且提出解决方法——Desmond认为,美国应该参照其他发达国家,承认基本住房是基本人权,采取housing voucher,为底层人民提供住房补贴,把房租占收入的比例控制在30%或以下,只有这样,底层人民才具有稳定住所的可能,而稳定的住所是稳定生活的基本前提,没有稳定的生活,教育、成长、健康、工作、希望、梦想全都无从说起。

  我非常欣赏Desmond将定性调研和定量数据交织呈现的做法,也非常赞同他所提出的解决方法,但书的最后一部分最打动我的,是他终于有机会以第一人称来叙述他在贫民区居住的经历。他坦率地说,近距离接触如此深层而绝望的贫困,让他抑郁多年。但他也絮絮地讲述那些让他感动的瞬间——他的室友,黑人保镖Woo对他的照顾,处处提防社区里其他穷人占Desmond的便宜;他某一次被一家黑人叫到地下室去修壁炉,当他一无所成地从地下室钻出来的时候,发现餐桌上放着一只给他的生日蛋糕;Arleen曾给作者买了一盒饼干,以及一张会发出搞笑声音的卡片,当作者开车带Arleen找房的时候,他们有时会打开卡片,一起开怀大笑;Scott至今给他的大儿子寄生日卡片,里面总是夹着一张十块钱的现金——就像他当年流浪街头时一样……全书最打动我的一段话,在结尾处:

  The harder feat for any field work is not getting in, it is leaving. And the more difficult ethical dilemma is not how to respond when asked to help but how to respond when you are given so much. I have been blessed by countless generosity from the people I met in Milwaukee, each one reminds me how gracefully they refused to be reduced to their hardships. Poverty has not prevailed against their deep humanity.

  对于我来说,看这样一本书,意识到贫穷之中有一张张真实的面孔和人生,各种统计数据之下遮盖着数字所不能反映的喜怒哀乐,大概也就是我现在唯一能做的事情了吧。

  噢,当然,还有一定要在我的课上和学生推荐这本书。

  《Evicted》读后感(七):我想,我见过他们

  花了半个小时解锁了豆瓣账户,只是想写一篇书评。与其是书评,不如说是回忆。

  Evicted是这几年我读到过的最让我无法释怀的一本书。我并非没有见识过贫穷,但那种贫穷更多的是一种原生的贫穷,是客观经济和自然条件造成的。Evicted是更为可怕的一种存在,是由一连串糟糕的决定引发的万劫不复。对于一个愿意相信美国梦存在的人,Evicted是恐怖的,书里的人物一边制造着不幸,一边充当着不幸本身,要想摆脱不幸,人必须充满斗志,小心翼翼,才能避免永无回头之日的那一天。毕竟一次报警电话,哪怕是腰椎间盘突出,都可能将你推向深渊。

  我由此相信我丈夫在拔了两颗智齿后,只吃了一片布洛芬是多么克制和明智的选择。我也终于明白我厌恶沃尔玛的原因,是它集中展示了人其实是无法自制和愚蠢的动物。

  但这还不仅仅是这本书让我心思动容的原因。我相信我曾经见过这书里的人。我谈不上有多了解他们,但愿意记下他们的只言片语。对于这本书的读者来说,这些记忆碎片没有什么价值,我也无法像书里那样勾勒出一个完整的链条。但我唯一想分享的是,我,一个你们身边的人,见过他们,因此他们,离你们也从未遥远。

  男人敲了敲办公室的门。M打开门,男人走进来,他个头很高,穿着墨绿色的夹克衫,卡其裤和白色运动鞋,努力表现出一种不卑不亢。

  “谢谢你们让我进来。”他说。

  “我住在这里,我的妈妈,我的叔叔也住在这一带。我们的日子过得困难级了,我一直支持詹妮佛,还投了她的票。我想修房子,我能从你们这里得到一些钱吗?”

  M和R朗声应着,R说,“不如我们一起去你那里看看?”男人挺高兴,和R一起出了门。

  “真抱歉我开了门”,M说,“他连K叫什么都不知道,一直管K叫詹妮佛。几个月前,他进来说如果我们愿意给他一笔钱的话,他愿意说服他周围的亲戚给K投票。”

  “这没什么。”我有时候不知道该怎么形容我们的办公环境。奇怪的不速之客,某个下午蹲在门口呐呐自语的家伙,或者路过的骂骂咧咧的酒鬼,应该都足以令我神经紧张。但什么也比不上去年的某天,K在窗户发现了两个弹孔,和地下一颗变了形的子弹。

  二十分钟后,R回来了,作为K议员的前幕僚长,R让男人心满意足地以为,他会从当地的一家非营利组织拿到一笔钱。

  我从未见过威廉姆斯太太。对我而言,她像个虚拟的人,她是35美元,一叠纸币,最高面额不超过5块。

  我只知道她也住在斯莱戴尔街。一幢橘黄的single shotgun,K在几年前将其翻修后出租,威廉姆斯太太是租户。至于她年龄几何,黑人白人,我一概不知。

  每个月我会看到一沓纸币,一共35美元,被纸片包裹着,有时候写着K的名字,有时候什么都不写。35美元,是威廉姆斯太太的房租。威廉姆斯太太有housing voucher,本地的住房机构每月替她缴纳850美元,每月实际房租的95%。

  “哎,那个可怜的女人”,K会说。我有时会怀疑这背后究竟有多少同情的成分。

  我从北方搬到南方后,对可怜有了新的认识,可怜可以是原生的,但后天的可怜一定也是可恨的。我不知道威廉姆斯太太属于哪种。

  K的资金链出现了危机。我告诉K,卖掉那幢single shotgun。K不是一个精明强干的房东,至少她应该从一开始就意识到这和做慈善没有两样。一幢用贷款购买并翻新的房子,每个月月供就占了房租的70%。遑论保险,地税和除草。勉强做到收支平衡,已经是K能期待的最好结果。

  经过深思熟虑,K向本地住房机构提出涨租申请。批准后,威廉姆斯太太收到了一份租金“调整”协议。

  我想K还是同情威廉姆斯太太,也可能K只是不愿意面对可怜。

  M被K打发去跟威廉姆斯太太交涉涨租。

  “哎,那个可怜的女人”,M也说。“我把协议塞给她,实在不好意思把涨租两个字说出口。调整,开玩笑,你什么时候见过租金是往下调整的?”M对K的文字游戏表示了鄙夷。“总之那女人小心翼翼地把协议夹在了《圣经》里,我也不知道她到底明白没有。是的,她所有重要的东西,都夹在《圣经》里。”M摇摇头。

  直到今天,威廉姆斯太太的房租依旧是35美元。

  去年三月的某个早上,我站在斯莱戴尔街上一幢craftsman house的门前瑟瑟发抖。这地方季节模糊,没有春天,更谈不上有冬天,大部分时候热得使人生厌。但那天出奇得阴冷,下着雨,我把风衣的帽子戴上,袖着手。街上没个人,也没棵像样的树,刚栽下的树苗愈发显出一种岌岌可危,在雨里歪斜着,稀疏着,和这条街一样不怎么有生气的样子。

  斜对面那幢double shotgun,刚刚翻修过,就被一个从旧金山来的心理治疗师买走。那女人卖了旧金山几百万的房子,用卖房子的零头买下了它。房子是我的朋友兼半个老板K翻修的。K把房子刷成了2016年PANTONE发布的流行色——一种叫serenity的蓝色。继而又大笔一挥令工人将房门涂成了hot(怯)pink(粉)。总之,这房子以一种近乎决绝地高调同“好看”划清了界限。 当然,这还不足以使它在这条街上脱颖而出,但凶宅够。

  “My murder house”,我刚认识K时她跟我不无得意地介绍:上任房主,一个毒贩,在房子的后院被人枪杀身亡。

  K眼下在离我不远处抽着烟,她打算买下我身后的房子并翻修。建筑师H,拿着卷尺,铅笔和本子,和我们一起等房主乔瑟夫先生开门。

  乔瑟夫先生不姓乔瑟夫,叫乔瑟夫。他从一辆陈旧的沾满油漆的皮卡钻出来,跛着脚走向我们。我看到了一个年老的波派(Popeye):他个子不高,衣衫有些破烂,黝黑的脸上,五官和那个著名的卡通形象一样挤向一边,额头和K一样围着bandana,但汗渍已使上面的paisley印花模糊不堪。“你们好啊”,他和颜悦色,语气温柔。有一天,政治正确会让南方的下一代摒弃蓄奴时期遗留下来的称呼习惯,但见过乔瑟夫的人总会同意,乔瑟夫先生才是对他最好的称谓。至少,是对他那种旧时光的彬彬有礼的一种回应。

  乔瑟夫开始用老虎钳起外门的钉子。这是幢漂亮的craftsman house,脏粉色的外立面,韭绿色的勾边,阁楼镶着残损的stained glass,门前是原配的French door。乔瑟夫先生小声抱怨着,这里绝非安全,外门被他用木板和长钉封死,几天前却依然有人破窗而入,拿走了一些物品,留下了过夜的烟蒂和酒瓶 。

  H和K鱼贯而入,我跟在后面。这是我第二次走进一幢废弃的房子。

  这绝非一种愉快的体验,却无限启发联想。一段时光被封存在历史的某个节点。走入这样的房子,选择撞破那个节点,即便当事人早已离开,我也无法做到自洽 。是慌张的搬离,还是日渐凋敝,一幢废弃的房子总能将主人当时的窘迫和无奈展露无遗。那些留下大量生活用品的房子,讲述的是最让人心碎的故事。乔瑟夫先生的房子,墙角的箱子里堆满了照片:女人的,小孩的,少年的,但都不是现在的。女人戴着夸张的卡其色框眼镜,浮现出遥远的神情。小孩尙在襁褓,神情平淡安详。少年刚刚中学毕业,无忧无虑,露出灿烂的微笑。

  他们是谁?他们在哪儿?他们是否还活着?他们和乔瑟夫先生是什么关系?无从知晓。

  前厅唯一的窗户也已经被封死,挂着精致的孔雀纹样白色钩针窗帘,一种出现在上世纪中叶的上海全无违和感的装饰,令人错愕地成为了这座房子里唯一体现房主生活品味和情趣的见证。它来历不明,格格不入,甚至吸引了K的注意。“真奇怪”,K端详了一番。我站在她身后,实已头脑风暴了许久却依然毫无头绪。

  乔瑟夫先生显然对走进这座房子没有兴趣,他站在门外,一言不发。

  房子的卧室是整幢房子最好的部分。房顶用批灰刀抹成了一个个扇形,紧密连接,如同打开的蚌壳发出柔和又暧昧的光。红色的窗帘把整间屋子映的幽暗,但我依然瞥见了剥落的镶木墙面。意识到K和H还要在里面花上更多时间,我决定离开这个阴暗潮湿的地方,到外面等。

  “我能问你一个问题吗?”乔瑟夫先生对我说。

  “当然。”

  “你从哪里来?”

  “我从中国来,已经在美国生活好几年了。我是不是你在这里能见到的唯一的亚洲人?”

  “哦,不不不。我认识李先生,他住在离这里不远的地方。”乔瑟夫先生赶忙说道。“这里有很多中国人。”

  “是吗?”我无意跟乔瑟夫先生解释该如何区别越南人和中国人,就顺着他问。

  “哦哦,当然!李先生真是个好人。他会做世界上最好吃的炒米饭。”

  “那太棒了,我很高兴你也喜欢吃炒米饭。”

  “你知道,这里一向不太平。李先生的女儿,几年前死了。”乔瑟夫先生神情黯淡下来。

  “天啊,发生了什么?”

  “那孩子十六岁的时候,在附近的超市做收银员打工,被抢劫的毒贩打死了。可爱的孩子,我几乎看着她长大。”

  我哑然,也不知道乔瑟夫先生为何提起。也许唯一的解释,是我让他想起了那个姑娘。

  “我破产了,我希望把房子卖给K,让更多新来的人住在这里,而不是毒贩。”乔瑟夫先生接着说。

  我想起K有一天跟我说,穷人也希望自己生活在安全的社区。这不是什么有违常识的话,但我听到后心头一震。在美国,贫穷的社区从来和高犯罪率脱不了干系。当习惯于在贫穷和犯罪之间划等号时,我其实忽略了一个生而为人最简单的诉求,对于安全的诉求,实在与贫富无关。

  “我要送你一个礼物”,乔瑟夫先生对我说。

  K和乔瑟夫先生签了合同。我们准备走,乔瑟夫先生叫住我,递给了我一张天主教圣人塑封卡片,“离开家的孩子,祝你一生平安。”我毫无头绪,甚至有点不知所措,只好接了并感谢他的好意。

  我谷歌了卡片上的人物。

  t. Christopher, patron of travelers.圣人克里斯托弗,保佑游子。

  《Evicted》读后感(八):Home, a place not just to sleep, but a place to live a dreamed life.

  书里面的那八位租客,除了Scott, 没有政府的补助可能这一辈子都会是在贫困里死循环。每年都会被驱逐,有孩子虽然能获得更高的政府补助金,但也因为有孩子所以才更加难找到愿意接受他们的房东,在500美金左右的月租。虔诚的基督信徒Crystal刚拿到补助金就去赌场赌博,自己面临着被驱逐,每周也会拿出身上所有的钱放进教堂礼拜时传递的捐助盆里。钱让他们生活在最脏乱,犯罪率最高的城市最边缘的那一带,但他们在看到比自己更加弱小的群体时,却愿意给陌生人(被驱逐)一个住所,一份晚餐。 让我印象最深的一个情景是,Arleen打了八十多个电话都被房东拒绝,她变换方式变换内容地跟接下来的房东交待自己参杂的虚假信息。她疲惫地焦虑地急切地想要找到下一个居所,她无暇顾及大儿子的偷窃,小儿子的旷课不交作业。那天大儿子和小儿子跟她说:"Mom, we are hungry." Arleen:"Boys, I know you are not hungry." 房子的周围围绕着毒贩子,被释放的囚犯,持枪者,天花顶下带人回家留宿的合租者,一个单间公寓住着八个人,Arleen的儿子在床垫上写作业,楼下传来争执声,每天都会因为没钱而争执,敢问,母亲哪有精力考虑孩子的教育,母亲自己也是在这种环境里长大,她又明白多少?这群被社会视为隐形的群体,因为贫困而肆意挥霍自己的补助金,向生活不断地妥协,哪怕是偷窃到的首饰也能让母亲短暂忘记生活给她带来一次又一次的打击,在这种环境下,毒品和酒精才能让他们短暂忘记生活的艰难。一旦陷入贫困,我想无论是物质上还是精神上都很难摆脱,社会不会给有犯罪前科的人一个机会,它毕竟是一个private housing market,政府如果能够干预,控制房租在一定限额内,杜绝歧视,能够给这群社会最底层的人一个能居住的环境,这群人才可能开始去考虑自己的梦想以及孩子的梦想吧。我读完内心很压抑,有一种想说却说不出的感觉。也正是因为在威斯康星最大的城市里存在,那么,应该每个国家里都存在这一群在生活里挣扎的人群。

  quot;We have affirmed provision in old age, twelve years of education and basic nutrition to be the right of every citizen because we have recognized that human dignity depends on the fuldillement of these fundamental human needs. And it is hard to argue that housing is not a fundamental human need. Decent, affordable housing should be a basic right for everybody in this country. The reason is simple: without stable shelter, everything else falls apart."

  《Evicted》读后感(九):《被驱逐者》简介翻译

  Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City

  《被驱逐者:美国城市的贫穷与利益》

  Matthew Desmond

  在这本精彩却令人心碎的书中,Matthew Desmond带我们进入了美国密尔沃基市最贫穷的社区,讲述了8个在绝境边缘的家庭的故事。Arleen是一位单身母亲,在为摇摇欲坠的破公寓缴纳房租后,每个月只剩下20美金养活自己和两个儿子;Scott是一位善良的护士,却毒瘾缠身;Lamar是一个没有腿的男人,却要照顾整个社区的男孩,试图努力工作摆脱债务;Vanetta的工时被减少后不得不参与一起抢劫案。所有人都将自己几乎所有的收入花在房租上,却被这个社会远远地甩在后面。

  这些家庭的命运都掌握在两个地主的手里:Sherrena Tarver从前是一名教师,后转行投资贫民区房产;Tobin Charney则经营着密尔沃基最差的拖车公园。他们憎恶一些房客,喜欢另一些,但Sherrena说:“光有爱付不了账单。”圣诞前夕,她将Arleen和她的两个儿子驱逐出了公寓。

  驱逐(收回租地)曾经是很罕见的,哪怕是在美国城市中最荒凉的区域。但今天,许多贫穷的租户要将他们收入的一半以上花在房租上,且驱逐变得非常普遍,单身母亲是最常见的驱逐对象。Desmond用生动的文字向我们呈现了今日美国面临的最迫切的问题之一。我们看见一些家庭不得不住进避难所、肮脏的房屋、充满危险的社区,这意味着我们正亲眼见证着美国社会中巨大不平等的人性代价,也见证了人们在面对艰难时所展现出的决心和智识。

  本书以多年的田野调查和大量数据为基础,为解决一个灾难性的、独特的美国问题提出了新的观点,它将改变我们对极度贫穷和经济剥削的理解。书中所描绘的希望与失去会让我们重新认识到“家”的重要——离开了家,一切都是不可能的。

  Matthew Desmond is an American sociologist and urban ethnographer. He is currently the John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University and Co-Director of the Justice and Poverty Project. The author of several books, including the award-winning book, "On the Fireline," and "Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City," Desmond was awarded a MacArthur "Genius" grant in 2015 for his work on poverty in America.

  《Evicted》读后感(十):买房穷十年,租房毁一生

  哈佛大学社会学教授、麦克阿瑟“天才奖”获得者马修.德斯蒙德(Matthew Desmond)对无房主义并不认同。在他看来,居无定所的不安心理和持续飙升的房租会使社会底层家庭深陷贫困的漩涡,不可自拔。

  马修在美国密尔沃基南部居住了 1 年零 7 个月,跟随记录了八个贫困家庭的现状后,出版了新书《驱逐:美国城市的贫困与暴利(Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City)》。

  马修最后一次见到阿琳的时候,她正在拨打第 89 个租房电话。

  阿琳(Arleen)是位单身母亲,独自抚养着两个孩子,小儿子还患有哮喘。她没有工作,所有收入都依靠每月 628 美元的社会补助金。

  被上个房东扫地出门之后,阿琳花费了 90% 的收入,租下美国密尔沃基市第十三号街上的一套两居室。这也是阿琳能找到最便宜的房子了,每月租金只需要 550 美元。

  但便宜没好货——房子摇摇欲坠不说,窗户玻璃上还有拳头大小的洞,房门也需要用老旧的木门闩从里面锁上。

  不算水费、电费、取暖费,交完房租后,阿琳每天只剩下 2.6 美元。加上日常生活开销,阿琳入不敷出,随时处于破产边缘。

  其实,如果房租的花销不超过收入的 30%,一些家庭还是有能力担负的。但房租的飞速上涨,导致不少贫困户需要用一半甚至 70% 以上的收入缴租。收入跟不上房租的涨速,收支持续不平衡引发恶性循环,令美国底层家庭深陷贫困陷阱。

  如果你是北上广深的租房上班族,或许会有同感——工资一半用来租房,缩衣节食后基本月光。如果没有父母资助,一旦失业,也将面临交不起房租、流离失所的窘境。

  中国人都有对“家”的渴望和归属感,美国人亦是如此。

  马修说:“家”不仅是一套房子,更是家庭稳定的根基,象征着安全与温暖。但如果房租飞涨,租户随时面临被驱逐,安全感和温暖只能是幻想。

  更多点击:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/lN_IZpjF6c_ONUI7bKhrFw

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