《交响乐的故事》经典影评集
《交响乐的故事》是一部由西蒙·拉塞尔·比尔执导,历史 / 纪录片 / 音乐主演的一部英国类型的电影,特精心从网络上整理的一些观众的影评,希望对大家能有帮助。
《交响乐的故事》影评(一):脉络
Haydn海顿(德奥)->Mozart莫扎特(德奥)->Schbert舒伯特(德奥)->Beethoven贝多芬(德奥)
a. Wagnar瓦格纳(德奥)->Brukner布鲁克纳(德奥)
. Brahms勃拉姆斯(德奥)->Dvorak德沃夏克(捷克)+ Sibelius西贝柳斯(芬兰)+ Tchaikavsky柴可夫斯基(俄)
Mahler马勒(德奥)
hostakovich肖斯塔科维奇(苏)
《交响乐的故事》影评(二):一個交響樂的故事牽起一堆事
C所製作的《交響樂的故事》紀錄片,第一集的主角是交響樂之父~海頓,配角則是莫札特及貝多芬(他和莫札特是好朋友,貝多芬則是他的徒弟)。主要透過海頓在58歲時離開他工作30年的位置(事實上他是被解聘的)後,受倫敦的邀請到倫敦工作四年開始講起。其中還穿插了英國、法國、奧地利在18、19世紀的歷史。紀錄片還呈現了當時交響樂團的排列方式,以及仿造了當時使用的樂器,進行這三位大師重要的作品演奏。信息量之大,會讓精神不濟的人不小心就迷路了。 #巴洛克時期因為沒有冷藏觀念所以肉的品質不佳才會大量使用香料去除腥味 #當海頓決定在58歲“高齡”前往倫敦時,莫扎特勸他別去還說:你和他們語言不通會很辛苦的。海頓則說我的“語言”全世界都聽的懂 #主持人一一走訪三位大師曾經住過的房子,演奏過的地方以及待過的咖啡廳讓我忌妒羨慕恨
《交响乐的故事》影评(三):评
马勒不放过每一个向乐队成员施压的机会,让乐队去做任何人不敢做的事儿。他对极端音响世界的痴迷源于极度复杂的个性:他放弃自己的犹太教信仰转而皈依基督教,只为在维也纳经营歌剧院,获得更好的前程。他在一个小村庄长大,那是偏远的乡下,却有一座硕大的军营,因此他童年充盈于耳的便是军队行军的乐曲,以及怪异走调的军号声。他努力用实验,看看管弦乐队能偏离多远,这就使得他变成柏辽兹的传人,也使得他成为20世纪最伟大的作曲家。
马勒不放过每一个向乐队成员施压的机会,让乐队去做任何人不敢做的事儿。他对极端音响世界的痴迷源于极度复杂的个性:他放弃自己的犹太教信仰转而皈依基督教,只为在维也纳经营歌剧院,获得更好的前程。他在一个小村庄长大,那是偏远的乡下,却有一座硕大的军营,因此他童年充盈于耳的便是军队行军的乐曲,以及怪异走调的军号声。他努力用实验,看看管弦乐队能偏离多远,这就使得他变成柏辽兹的传人,也使得他成为20世纪最伟大的作曲家。
《交响乐的故事》影评(四):交響樂之父,作品100多,貝多芬的老師
1、海頓:交響樂之父,作品100多, 朋友莫札特 ,貝多芬的老師、共濟會會員
2、海頓: Franz Joseph Haydn 1732-1809 奧地利 。 距离维也纳南40公里的艾森斯塔特(Eisenstadt)是古典音乐大师约瑟夫•海顿的故乡。海顿曾经在这里居住和创作了30年。
海頓音樂廳艾森斯塔特4、乐队在一个、一个乐手的离开而谢幕。。。想起音乐之声他们一家逃离之时的情景。
《交响乐的故事》影评(五):交响乐后随想曲
但凡了解古典音乐史的人,都知道19世纪围绕瓦格纳和勃拉姆斯(前者比后者大20岁,所以我把瓦格纳放在前面)的音乐观念展开的大(kou)论(shui)战。我不是什么瓦格纳派或勃拉姆斯派,对于音乐并无什么偏见或成见,只不过,由于一度浸染于瓦格纳乐剧,现在又奉布鲁克纳交响曲为圭臬(当然二者的音乐语言有显著的区别),所以我在听勃拉姆斯的作品时,虽然会动容,但其形式上的复古有时又令我难以理解。
现在看来,瓦格纳派和勃拉姆斯派的口水战是可笑的,我之前的想法也是可笑的(我这里指的瓦格纳派或勃拉姆斯派,并非如当时双方各自圈出的对方阵营里的人物,而是指偏执一端、摇旗呐喊的那些人。否则,以瓦格纳对晚期浪漫主义的影响之深,我岂不是在否定晚期浪漫主义)。瓦格纳宣称:“交响曲已死。”并致力于打造其综合艺术的乐剧,嘲笑勃拉姆斯等人所谓的纯音乐。勃拉姆斯的代言人汉斯立克则断言音乐的目的只是其本身,反对把音乐看成表达情感的艺术,而勃拉姆斯则是纯音乐或绝对音乐的实践者,偏执地运用古典主义的语言表现浪漫主义的内容。
但是,两派都有言不符实的地方。瓦格纳的乐剧实践其实正是在扩展交响乐的疆域。汉斯立克反对把音乐作为表达情感的工具,但他所赞誉的勃拉姆斯正是在古典主义的外衣下包裹着豪迈雄健和多愁善感的音乐。
那么,他们的言论到底错在哪里?瓦格纳是形式的创新者,但他似乎以为只有他所谓的那种乐剧才能代表未来音乐的方向,因而对意大利歌剧乃至器乐不屑一顾。他的乐剧,哲理和思想其实多于情感。汉斯立克和勃拉姆斯则误将古典主义形式当成绝对音乐本身,因而对于在和声、配器、曲式等方面显得大胆的浪漫主义技法大皱眉头。他们坚持的不过是古典主义而已,而非坚持真正的绝对音乐。
将歌剧或乐剧作为情感艺术的代名词,将器乐作为绝对音乐的代名词,这种想法是荒谬的(但我不是在怀疑那些坚持器乐创作的作曲家,相反地,我很敬重他们,因为他们在歌剧流行于世的时代能忍耐寂寞、认真专心地创作器乐作品,比如勃拉姆斯和弗朗克。而马斯内居然宣称交响曲无用,写歌剧才是王道。在这一点上,瓦格纳和勃拉姆斯的态度是一致的:他们都轻视那种华而不实的流行歌剧)。恩斯特·库尔特指出绝对音乐有两种含义:一种是脱离了歌唱的音乐,一种是超越了人类精神的音乐。他还说,在巴赫的音乐中,反倒是器乐作品有很强的歌唱性,而声乐作品则表现了情感和精神的超脱。
瓦格纳派和勃拉姆斯派的问题正在于只看到了形式,而没有看到情感和精神,不论他们是提倡绝对音乐还是否定绝对音乐。勃拉姆斯复古无可厚非,只要他的作品能表现真实的情感就好。说到复古,其实布鲁克纳的交响曲在曲式结构上比勃拉姆斯的交响曲更接近于古典主义。只不过,布鲁克纳在尊重传统的基础上努力探索和声、配器等的创新,而勃拉姆斯与之相反。但正是通过这种创新,布鲁克纳才能创作出实现其精神高度的大规模交响曲。我之所以喜爱布鲁克纳交响曲,便是由于这种精神高度。结构不过是个框架,到了马勒那里,交响曲连传统的四乐章结构都被打破了。
我承认我绝不是一个中庸主义者,我对瓦格纳派和勃拉姆斯派的论战的思考也不是不偏不倚、各打五十大板这么简单。我热爱宏大崇高、苦难深重的艺术,所以对瓦格纳的综合艺术,对布鲁克纳交响曲的宏篇巨制与深邃神秘大为青睐(马勒说:“交响曲应当表现整个世界。”对这句话我是深深折服的,虽然西贝柳斯所说的严谨匀称的结构更重要的观点也不能偏废)。我不是那种只见大不见小的人,有时候一首小曲、一段重复的旋律也能令我感动得要哭,但对于创造者来说,宏大深邃始终是终极目标!
不单是作曲家,对所有艺术家来说,形式、情感和精神一直是无法回避的三样棘手的东西。
我也曾陷入对形式的迷思,但放任形式自流也不是好的作为。不管你是走极端还是墨守陈规,形式都在那里,无法抛弃。大部分先锋派作曲家的作品都只有古怪的形式,却缺乏实在的内容,这是我对先锋音乐不太感兴趣的原因之一。古典主义也有一定的套路,所以相比之下我更喜欢浪漫主义。纪录片中西贝柳斯的研究者说:“西贝柳斯的作品继承了古典主义和浪漫主义的传统,但不保守;指向未来,但又非现代主义的。他的作品是历久弥新的。”这是在传统与现代、过去与未来之间做出的最合适的(虽然不一定是最好的)选择。
对于音乐的评价,主要有两个角度:一是从技法的角度,一是从情感的角度。虽然有些作品形式上显得传统乃至保守,但只要它足以引起情感的共鸣,它便是好作品。情感与形式不能无关系。不论中外,我总喜欢古典的作品,但是今人所做的赝古的玩意儿,就令我讨厌。为什么?因为以今人去模仿古人的腔调,剩下的只有自得的形式,而恰恰没有情感!这也是为什么我总强调形式的创新,看见那些总是同样的主题、题材不变的作品,就会在心里说:“总是这些老掉牙的作品。”
那么有什么永恒不变或历久弥新的呢?我想除了人类的情感以外,就是人类的精神了。这精神又分为两种:一种是个人的精神,一种是时代的精神。时代的精神也有很多表现,比如民族主义、意识形态等。我厌恶或反感那些不遗余力表现或颂扬意识形态的作品,但对于体现民族主义的作品则很感兴趣,比如德沃夏克、西贝柳斯、柴可夫斯基等民族乐派的交响乐,因为这样的民族精神是赋予其作品以崇高性的一个来源。肖斯塔科维奇在创作出《第五交响曲》以后说:“我无意于表现战斗的激昂,我只想表现战争的暴力带给人的恐怖。”他隐秘地拒绝了为强权的意识形态服务,他真正表现的其实是个人精神,那由无数微小的个体组成的精神。
《交响乐的故事》影评(六):Note
1
(Haydn) 18s
In his hand, the symphony became what the dictionary now defines it as: a large-scale work , usually in four sections or movements.
London symphonies ( Symphony 98)were to bring the works of his genius
He takes this tune, varies it, transforms it, and this is the key to the symphony in Haydn’s hands.
The priest suggests castrating him in order to preserve his beautiful treble.
In the 18th century, artists were employed by the Church, a royal court or a member of the aristocracy.
Le Matin, morning
ymphony 45, the farewell
ymphony’s earliest use was to distinguish between vocal church music. The form of early symphonies came from the opera house originally.
icknames: The philosopher(22), the farewell(45), the Surprise(94), the Minitary(100)
Haydn had escaped from the aristocratic bubble of Eisenstadt, the London symphonies reflect both his new experiences of the world and his encounters with a wider audience. .
o faced
on the wane
enthralling journey
evaporate into silence
Mozart
aris Symphony
the noble No. 39; the dark No. 40; the bright No.41( the Jupiter)
eethoven ( died in 56)
tudent of Haydn born in Bonn Germany
In 1800,Beethoven's first symphony in C major(29 year old),which much to their surprise, began with a discord. At this point, the symphony was seen primarily as a means of entertainment, not as the vehicle for the exploration of political, social and moral ideas.
He broke the rules.
He lived in Vienna for 35 years.
He lived in a time of Frech revolution.
He is a domoract.
Eroica Symphony :No.3 Symphony
Does He regard himself as a hero: I feel sure that he knew he had the capacity in him that was given very few to other creators and that he owed it to himself to find the extent of the depth of his talent, which is why he kept pushing the boundaries further and further to create more emotional truth.I think he felt that he had an heroic capacity as a creator,to take music to a place that nobody thought it could ever go.
eethoven was after something epic. The idea that an orchestra could portray a journey from darkness, into a blaze of what one might call victory.
ature is meat and drink to Beethoven. To walk in the country was a kind of political act,Beethoven was a romantic in the strictest sense.As you walk away from the urban society, you became a natural being, no longer measured in terms of wealth or social status, but able to find your place as part of the natural order of things. This creates a wonderful myth about the transformation, almost the redemption of the artist in the urban situation by going into the countryside.
o.6 symphony: countryside, 5 movements with title in each movement(special), the first programmatic symphony with subtitles.
o.9 symphony: The last and the most important piece, and the inspiration behind which is Schiller's the ode to joy. The first symphony to bring the voice.
Hector Berlioz, the french composer after Beethoven
He seems to think of orchestra as an instrument in itself, as a virtuoso instrument.
Franz Shubert (died in30)
The unfinished symphony
《交响乐的故事》影评(七):【未完结】【文本】第一集:横空出世
根据片中翻译整理 ================================================================
imon Russell Beale 命运在敲门,V代表胜利。音乐界最为著名的这串音符就来自贝多芬的《第五交响曲》。
在这个系列节目里,我们将要探讨交响乐如何起源于贵族的特权世界,如何随民族与帝国而兴衰起伏,如何成为自由的象征,又如何成为极权政治的工具,如何让管弦乐团表达音乐理念,如何成为作曲家。
终极的自我表达方式,从少数乐师的宫廷献艺,到多于百人的管弦乐团在大型音乐厅的表演,这是一个史诗般的伟大历程。不过,当交响乐呈现给公众时,它如何最终成为表达最深刻的思想和情绪的载体,以至于我们听众能感知它们,并与当今世界相联系?
首先,我们要讲述伟大作曲家的故事。这一集,我们将认识路德维希·范·贝多芬,他是伟大的作曲家,英雄的艺术家。
Mark Elder - Conductor 他觉得自己有一种创世者的超凡能力,能把音乐带到前人不曾想象的高度。
imon 还有沃尔夫冈•阿玛德乌斯•莫扎特,这位在八岁就创作出第一首交响曲的旷世天才;还有约瑟夫·海顿,这位18世纪的音乐巨人,他被尊为交响乐之父。
imon 在1791年的元旦这天,年届58岁却依然健壮的奥地利作曲家约瑟夫•海顿,从法国加莱乘船前往英国多佛,这次航行花费了整整十个小时。他在一个月之前就已经踏上征程,那是他第一次走出他那位于庞大奥匈帝国一个小角落的故乡。他曾经是艾斯特哈奇家族的御用作曲家,如今他放弃了30年职业生涯带来的保障。他乘着马车长途跋涉800多英里,餐风露宿,道路颠簸,吃着粗砺的食物;而此刻的欧洲大地上,法国大革命隆隆的枪炮声还清晰可闻。
海顿一贯活跃多动,但此刻也很兴奋,他说:“我一直站在甲板上,注视着像巨怪一样的海洋。当狂风掀起巨浪,我有些害怕,但我克服了恐惧,抵达海岸时,原谅我言辞不雅,我并未呕吐。”
他带着成箱的乐谱,不幸的是,在行李转运的混乱中,他丢失了一部极重要的交响曲手稿。不过,具有历史意义的旅行就快结束了。两天之后,他就受到欢迎进入伦敦,岂止是欢迎,简直就是有史以来第一位真正的超级音乐巨星。
按照合同,他要在前六个月马不停蹄地发表六部交响曲,尽管其中的一部已经丢失,但海顿决非等闲之辈,他是一位不同凡响的凡人。
imon 这就是海顿,这是海顿1791年抵达英国时的画像,是平民画家约翰·霍普勒奉乔治三世之命所作,以彰显给予海顿的荣耀。虽然海顿出身卑微,但在这里,他却获得了极大的自信。你看他是否流露出好奇而敏锐的眼光?对周遭世界,海顿始终保持着探求的热情。
如今,他的名字尤其与交响乐及曲式密不可分,正是他,而非别人,在18世纪确立并发展了交响乐的曲式。在他手中,交响曲具有了现代词典中的如下定义:“大型音乐作品,通常为四个部分、或称乐章,被视为作曲家最高表达层次的音乐体裁。”他的12首伦敦交响曲,即将把自己的天才之作呈献给最广泛的听众。
Elder 海顿创作的乐曲能迅速让听众心领神会,最重要的是,他的作品让人耳目一新。
imon 伦敦是当时世界上最繁华、发展最迅速的城市。18世纪的大部分时间,占据上流社会主流品味的歌剧在90年代逐渐式微,而新兴的中产阶级主张通过拼搏而不是继承财产来获取财富,他们渴望有什么新生事物能够体现自己的远见卓识和文化涵养。
海顿对英国生活的方方面面有着强烈的兴趣,他参观王宫,造访海军船厂;他因街头酩酊大醉的人感到惊骇;他详细地记述所遇见的民众,记下他们所听的音乐,除了中途短暂回国,他在此地逗留了四年。
imon 赴英的邀请来自一位小提琴家、作曲家,兼音乐会主办者,名叫约翰·彼得·萨洛蒙。他出生在德国,在商业界的才干颇具名气。萨洛蒙召集了城内最好的演奏家,租下一间新开的高雅乐厅,它位于上流的梅菲尔社区汉诺威广场的一角。两个人将联袂举办一系列音乐会。海顿负责作曲,萨洛蒙负责管理乐团,把交响乐置于方兴未艾的伦敦社会文化生活的中心地位。
1791年,当海顿初来乍到时,音乐厅占据着汉诺威广场的有利位置。萨洛蒙在这个音乐季投下了精明的商业赌注,而所得的回报何止是金钱,他写道,“整个时尚界似乎心无旁骛,天哪,追赶时髦的人们追捧着一周多达16场的音乐会”。
imon 这就是18世纪90年代早期,在汉诺威音乐厅所能见到的管弦乐团。乐器的这种组合与布局,确立了此后一百多年交响乐演出现场的蓝图。乐团后面,分别是木管组、铜管组以及打击乐器组,它们地势较高,这在海顿时代是一种创新,这无疑能够形成视觉冲击,也有利于平衡音效。再往前是弦乐组,依次是低音提琴、大提琴、中提琴、小提琴,他将小提琴组又分为两部分,即第二、第一小提琴组。最前面是首席小提琴,此刻是迈姬,而海顿的音乐会上,多是萨洛蒙本人,居中就是作曲家本人,指挥着整个乐队。他挥动指挥棒的情形,并非现在我们所熟知的那样。
Elder 交响乐团如此布局,意在使听众和乐师分享相同的音效,增加了观赏性。观赏性,正是戏剧的特点。“海顿先生为何如此布局?”、“我们会有什么惊喜?”……
imon 《第98交响曲》是最杰出的伦敦交响曲之一,事实上它作于伦敦,用来取代穿越海峡时遗失的那一部,它包含了典型的“海顿式惊喜”,他借鉴了英国国歌《天佑吾皇》的旋律。
在第二乐章,他采用了这一旋律,加以变化和发展,这在海顿的交响乐手法中是很关键的一点。他可能在旅途中偶得灵感,而当旅行结束,一切都变了模样。
海顿如此信手拈来,在《第98交响曲》中非常明显。
Elder 而且他还能够根据现场情况即兴发挥。
他的作品激发了不可思议的愉悦和新奇感受。不过我们今天很难想象,因为那个年代的听众正襟危坐,安静异常,连咳嗽都会召来指责;但他们喜爱海顿的交响乐,人人都抛开礼仪,鼓掌欢呼。
imon 海顿和萨洛蒙的音乐会获得了空前的成功,可是不久以后,海顿需要另作打算了。
他在英国的住所位于赫特福德郡的“李谷”深处。1791年夏,他在此地逗留消暑。
海顿四年来在英国生活和工作过的地方,唯有这座叫“洛克斯福德”的保存至今,就是在这里他创作了《第98号交响曲》。
uzanne Aspden - Music Historian 在伦敦他忙于应酬,应接不暇,而在这里,他可以解脱,过一种田园风光的日子,这原本就是他在奥地利最熟悉的生活。在这里,他退居一隅,思索遇到的人们,思索他们对音乐的意趣,从而创作出他们喜欢的作品。
imon 他曾致信友人,“我兢兢业业地创作,却不经意生出一些乡愁。每天清晨,我攥着语法书,在树林里踽踽独行,开始怀念我信奉的主,怀念曾经置诸脑后的家人和朋友们”。
imon 尽管他乡愁连连,但在《第98号交响曲》的末章却充满了谐谑与生趣,充满了令人惊异的乐思和音效。
Elder 第四乐章非常轻快、活泼,速度标示为急板,快到几乎不能再快。节奏仿佛永不停息的马达,不断向前推进,当你正期待着再次听到主旋律时,你就已经听到了,让你颇觉惊异。顷刻之间,主旋律又以稍慢的速度再次重复。
而他有自己的拿手好戏,他自己在一旁演奏钢琴,轻灵曼妙,仿佛从心底流淌而出,伴随小提琴做最后的倾诉。它是如此动人心弦,所有的听众都为之心旌摇荡,想象他们会说,“噢,这个夜晚,伟大的海顿博士为我们奉献了精彩绝伦的钢琴演奏”。
imon 一开始,琴声几乎轻不可闻,你一定在想,噢,天哪…
Elder 对,仿佛来自心底,对吗?它简直就是音乐的血红蛋白,让整部作品鲜活起来。
imon 海顿的天资从何而来?究其根本,海顿的交响乐从何而来?让我们追溯他在奥地利乡村的早期生活和艺术生涯。这样的探索之旅,能让我们领略18世纪交响乐的发展历程。
1732年春,海顿出生在离奥匈边境不远的村庄,在家里的十七个孩子中排行第二。父亲是马车工匠,夫妻俩闲暇时都喜欢一展歌喉。在本地公学,海顿学会了阅读、写作和歌唱。他曾说:“尽管挨打受罚是家常便饭,但他们向我传授了诸多学识”。
有一天,维也纳圣斯蒂芬大教堂唱诗班的指挥造访了这所学校,年仅八岁的约瑟夫作了试唱表演,于是这位乡下的天才歌童,进入了维也纳庄严的斯蒂芬大教堂唱诗班。我们可以想见,一个相貌平平的小男孩,即使只有九岁,也要戴着假发。后来,他的嗓音开始变声,神父建议将他变成阉人,保住他那美妙绝伦的高音,多亏父亲出面干预,小海顿才幸免于难。有一次他剪掉一个男孩的辫子,意外地被人撞见,最后很不体面地被唱诗班扫地出门了。
接下来的几年,他食不果腹,艰难度日,目睹周围富裕的城市生活,倍感煎熬。但是约瑟夫·海顿的才华救了他自己,一时间,他的处女作开始流传于维也纳的沙龙和露天啤酒店,竞相演奏。不久他便脱颖而出,到了25岁,饥肠辘辘的日子便一去不复返。
imon 一般来说,18世纪的艺术家,要么受雇于教堂,要么受雇于宫廷,或者成为贵族的家庭一员。王室也好贵族也罢,但凡鲜衣华盖之辈无不拥有自己的家庭乐队。海顿很幸运,他的东家就是全欧洲最为显赫而富有的家族之一,艾斯特哈奇家族,这个家族的宫殿位于偏远的奥地利东部艾森斯塔特。海顿现在有了乐队以供差遣,算得上称心如意了,如今他可以安守作曲家的本分,专注于教堂音乐和歌剧。除此之外,他能够进行器乐的创新。海顿1761年加入这个家族,那时尼科拉欧斯一世刚刚世袭了艾斯特哈奇亲王的称号。这位新晋的亲王富有而奢华,重要的是,他的宫殿音乐厅极为考究。
这就是音乐厅,也是海顿的实验室。不,叫实验室还不够,简直就是高能强子对撞机。
在30年内,海顿创作了70部交响曲。尼科拉欧斯亲王沉迷于音乐,为了满足他的狂热爱好,海顿需要一种新的形式来展示乐队的所有潜能,无论是广度,还是精湛的技巧。起初他们只有区区14人的一小群乐师,但他们精湛的技艺和音乐厅出色的音效激发了海顿的灵感,从而创作出不同凡响的交响乐,其中之一是《早晨》,拉丁语即 Le Matin。
Elder 开始部分描绘冉冉升起的太阳,手法细致入微,自是一件短小精致的杰作。在这部小型的杰作里,小型乐队的每件主奏乐器都发挥出独特个性。
imon 海顿的室内乐队与现代大型交响乐团差异巨大,不仅仅因为它的规模,而且在于它拥有的乐器本身。早期的铜管和木管乐器比较原始,技巧难以掌握,但是海顿为它们所作的独奏曲显示他善于借鉴演奏者的精湛技巧。
imon 交响乐在海顿之前已经存在,但准确讲,什么叫交响乐?望文生义“交响乐”一词,意味着演奏时“同时发声”。早期这种称谓,是为了区别于教堂的声乐,或许可以称作天使的声音;同时也是区别于教堂乐师们在礼拜时的器乐演奏。虽是尘世间的音乐,却让我们在此时此地沉醉入定,任凭唱诗班将我们的灵魂与想象力交给上帝,聆听上帝的声音。
海顿受命为各种不同场合创作交响曲,在艾森斯塔特早期,他最伟大作品之一就是为教堂而作的《第22交响曲》就是专为弥撒演奏。它后来得到了《哲学交响曲》的别称,也许是因为它的第一乐章格外地庄重肃穆。它显示了在海顿笔下,交响乐在表达人们内心情感方面能够达到的深度。
Elder 早期交响乐的形式来源于歌剧院,晚间歌剧的开始部分是器乐套曲,当时它们在艺术上并非一个整体,只是为了引领观众进入后面的演出。如今海顿意识到,他应该以此为基础将这些相互对比的乐章,扩展为四乐章的整体。通常,第一乐章较快,接着是长而缓慢的第二乐章让人感受到整个剧情的庄重,第三乐章是小步舞曲,驱散紧张的气氛,最后进入快速的第四乐章。
imon 艾斯特哈齐的亲王宫殿真可谓海顿的实验室。他的交响乐糅合了教堂音乐和歌剧艺术,留待天才的作曲家去创作发挥。具备了所有这些元素,他便可以着手完善交响曲的各个乐章了。除此之外,他还尝试加入其他因素:出人意料的情绪并列、不同寻常的配器法、戏剧性效果、惊喜意外,甚至恶作剧,交响乐成了各种力量的精心交织,每一种力量都具备独一无二的魅力。
作为交响乐作曲家,海顿在很多方面就像一位主厨,将各种原料综合起来,推出新的饕餮大餐。他在艾森斯塔特的菜园,种上自选的草药。我在这里遇见了西格里德·薇丝,她是巴洛克厨艺的专家。
遇见你真好,这里真是琳琅满目。
早年饥饿贫困的经历,使海顿养成了对食物的偏执。往来信件中,他不是赞美食物,就是抱怨食物。
igrid Weiss 巴洛克时期,肉食中常常加入气味强烈的草药。当然,也是因为那时没有冰箱,肉类通常难保新鲜。
imon 园艺家海顿,美食家海顿,用这些称号来描述技艺大师海顿,可谓窥豹一斑。
我们可以针对交响曲的展开打个比方:海顿交响曲的第一乐章很像是烹制一道营养均衡的菜肴,这也是作曲家喜欢做的事。在乐曲的开始,所有的主题都混合在一起,正如我们备齐所有配料,做一道简单的开胃菜。这个是所谓的呈示部,好像爽口的开胃菜,激起你的食欲,让你充满期待。
下一个阶段,是展开部,混合,变形,将各种配料一起烹煮,产生新的味道。最后是再现部,所有的主题回归,和弦形成解决,就像一道出炉的主菜。
这是海顿特别喜爱的一道菜:肉馅樱桃红焖兔。美极了!看起来都香!
imon 18世纪60年代,尼科拉欧斯亲王决定新建一座行宫,它位于艾森斯塔特以东50公里的匈牙利边境处。每年夏季,所有的宫廷成员,包括海顿和他的乐队,都会到仙境般的艾斯特哈奇行宫消暑避夏。不过,尽管行宫里有音乐厅、大舞厅、宴会厅及大型歌剧院,但为乐师们提供的住处却非常有限,家眷们只好留在艾森斯塔特。无妻子相伴,无情人相邀,也见不到孩子们,可以想象,乐师们苦不堪言,但是机智的海顿想出了一个巧妙的罢工方法。
《第45交响曲》是海顿在艾斯特哈奇行宫创作的36首交响曲之一,它总体严谨,局部却有些狂躁不安,在尾声出现了海顿独有的抗议手段,乐师们的举动为它赢得了《告别交响曲》的昵称。当焦躁不安的第四乐章接近尾声时,音乐突然放慢了速度,乐师们先后奏完,一个个依次离开舞台,离开前捻灭了各自谱架上的蜡烛,最后只剩下两把小提琴以柔板的速度微弱地吟唱,音乐渐渐消失归于寂静。亲王领会了这层暗示,于是,第二天所有宫廷成员打道回府,回到舒适的艾森斯塔特。
《交响乐的故事》影评(八):Louise的囫囵吞枣版交响乐史笔记
Chapter 1 Genesis and Genius
1. 被誉为“交响乐之父”的奥地利作曲家约瑟夫·海顿(Joseph Haydn)生于1732年春。他是家里17个孩子中的老二,父亲是个车匠,父母平时都以唱歌为乐。维也纳圣斯蒂芬大教堂的唱诗班指挥曾来到海顿的学校访问,八岁的他就此加入了唱诗班。后来神父建议海顿阉割以保留悦耳的高音,幸运的是,他的父亲介入干涉了。最后,海顿因剪掉了另一个男孩的辫子而被逐出唱诗班。
2. 虽出身贫寒,生活窘迫到快饿死的地步,海顿的天赋却拯救了他。1761年,他受雇于艾斯特哈齐家族(尼古拉一世),担任了近30年宫廷乐师。《早晨》是海顿的早期作品,在这部作品中,乐队的每位成员都有主奏的机会。另一早期作品《第22号交响曲》是为教会弥撒所作,日后获得了“哲学家”(The Philosopher)的别称。《第45号交响曲》(The Farewell)则是为了艾斯特哈泽宫的夏季庆典所谱写的36首交响曲之一,曲风严肃甚至有些激烈,其结尾隐含了海顿的抗议,即演奏者陆续离开舞台,吹灭曲谱架上的蜡烛,最后只剩两把小提琴以极弱音演奏,直至化为寂静。
3. 早期交响乐源于歌剧院,表演开场的乐章,并非一部完整的艺术作品。海顿将其延展为包含四个乐章的完整作品,通常以快板乐章开场(呈示部The Exposition),接着是一个长而缓慢的乐章赋予庄严感,然后再用一支小步舞曲调节气氛(展开部The Development),最后再用一个快节奏乐章结尾(再现部The Recapitulation)。
4. 1764年,莫扎特(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)访问了伦敦。他的童年绝大部分是同父亲与姐姐在无休止的欧洲巡回演出中度过的。在莫扎特的父亲卧病在床期间,8岁的他写出了自己的第一部交响曲。
5. 1777年,22岁的莫扎提前往德国西南部的曼海姆(Mannheim)拜访约翰·斯塔米茨(Johann Stamitz)的乐队,学习曼海姆火箭效果(The Mannheim Rocket)。1778年6月,莫扎特的《第31号交响曲》(日后被称为《巴黎交响曲》)在杜伊勒里宫首演,获得了不大不小的成功。
6. 1780s,莫扎特和海顿首次会面,海顿答谢了他的欣赏:“也许有人觉得我有点天赋,但莫扎特永远技高一筹。”1788年,莫扎特从海顿的六首交响曲中获得灵感,在几周内写出了三部交响曲——宏伟的《第39号交响曲》、阴郁狂暴的《第40号交响曲》(少见的以小调写成的交响曲)以及情感外露技艺华丽的《第41号交响曲》(也被称为The Jupiter)。三年后,莫扎特突然英年早逝。
7. 1790年,尼古拉亲王意外去世,他的儿子安东即位,立刻着手解散其父亲庞大而奢侈的音乐设施。打算启程前往英国前夜,海顿和Salomon与莫扎特共进告别聚餐,莫扎特十分担心海顿的身体健康。
8. 1791年,58岁高龄的海顿应小提琴家、作曲家和音乐会组织者Johann Peter Salomon之邀,不顾病痛从加来航行至多佛,签约带来六部交响曲。不幸的是,在混乱的行李转运过程中,他遗失了一部重要的音乐手稿。在伦敦,海顿受到热烈欢迎,他是史上首位享受到音乐巨星待遇的人。
9. 海顿定义了交响乐的形式:一部大型作品,通常由四个乐章组成,被认为是最崇高的音乐体裁。同时,汉诺威广场乐室的乐器编排与组合对后世交响乐团编制的影响也很大——乐团后方是木管组(Woodwind)、铜管组(Brass)和打击组(Percussion)(他们处在一个稍高的平台上),乐团前方是弦乐组(低音提琴Bass、大提琴Cello、中提琴Viola和小提琴Violin)。海顿将小提琴分为两个部分,第二组(The Seconds)和第一组(The Firsts)。在他本人的音乐会上,Salomon担任第一小提琴,而海顿则担任指挥。
10. 海顿的作品能直接与听众对话,其最重要的意义就是开辟了一片崭新的音乐世界。他在伦敦停留了4年,写下了伦敦交响曲系列。《第98号交响曲》是其中的精品之一,这部作品是为了弥补旅途中遗失的手稿。海顿在其中加入了一个典型的海顿式惊喜——英国国歌的运用。《军队交响曲》(The Military)则是伦敦交响曲系列的第八部,完成于1794年,被认为是海顿访问英国期间的最大成功。
11. 时年60岁的海顿在离开伦敦返回奥地利途中,顺路拜访了德国小镇波恩(Bonn),在那里遇见了波恩选民管弦乐队的中提琴手,22岁的贝多芬(Ludwig van Beethoven)。此时贝多芬已经完成了两部值得注意的皇家清唱剧,海顿答应收他为徒:“你将拥有史无前例的思想。”
12. 正当贝多芬奠定了自己在音乐界的地位时,拿破仑(Napoleon Bonaparte)在12年里横扫欧洲。1799年,他在成功政变后任命自己为第一执政,致力于恢复共和国。贝多芬以该题材为基础,创作了《第三交响曲》(又称《英雄交响曲》,The Eroica)。贝多芬无比崇敬拿破仑,并将其比作古罗马最伟大的执政官。然而,当他得知拿破仑称帝时,他暴跳如雷:“他也不过是一介凡夫俗子!现在他也要践踏人权以逞其个人野心了!他将骑在众人头上,成为一个暴君了!”对于贝多芬来说,拿破仑的伟大在他加冕那天消失殆尽。
Chapter 2 Beethoven and Beyond
1. 贝多芬出生于德国波恩市,家境贫寒。幼年的他饱受酒鬼父亲的打骂,20多岁时听觉便逐渐退化。法国大革命时,贝多芬还是个懵懂少年,因母亲早亡而不得不为养家糊口奔忙。他加入了共和主义者阵营,同时认为要想做一位不依附权贵的作曲家,就必须为人类争取自由和人权。童年的艰辛困苦使其个性捉摸不透又不讨人喜欢,他一生都在努力寻求个性的解放,以及对命运的誓死抗争。
2. 1808年,一场音乐会在维恩河畔剧院拉开帷幕。时年38岁的贝多芬通过这场音乐会确立了自己的地位。在该演出中,两部新作品《第五交响曲》(又称《命运交响曲》)和《第六交响曲》(又称《田园交响曲》)首次与观众见面。《第五交响曲》描绘的是誓死不屈从于命运摆布,最终赢得光辉胜利的传奇。《第六交响曲》则是贝多芬在早期音乐会血本无归后,为了排解忧愁在郊外散步时所作。一般的交响曲只有四个乐章,该交响曲却有五个乐章,而且是贝多芬所有作品中唯一一部每个乐章都有小标题的作品,这是标题音乐(Programmatic Music)的前身。在第二乐章《溪畔小景》(《Scene By A Brook》)结尾处,贝多芬用音乐忠实再现了夜莺、鹌鹑和布谷鸟的叫声。
3. 《第五交响曲》和《第六交响曲》首演完毕不久,拿破仑率兵入侵奥地利,占领了维也纳。贝多芬藏身于哥哥家的地下室。为了保护听觉,他只得把头深埋在枕头里。时年77岁的海顿则比较幸运,拿破仑出于崇敬甚至派兵来保护他。海顿是一位坚定的反共和主义者,他以自创的颂歌《上帝保佑吾皇弗朗茨》(又名《德意志高于一切》)来抒发观点。不幸的是,在法国入侵几周后,海顿便在沉睡中平静离世了。
4. 自此,贝多芬成为了维也纳音乐界毫无争议的翘楚。1813年,他的《第七交响曲》(又称《胜利交响曲》)首演,恰逢拿破仑遭遇战败。第二年,《第八交响曲》以机智幽默的曲风为他赢得了新的听众。1824年,贝多芬的最后一部交响曲《第九交响曲》在康顿剧院(如今这里是萨赫大酒店)首演。该作品的灵感来自席勒(Friedrich Schiller)的《欢乐颂》(《The Ode To Joy》),贝多芬在20岁出头时就曾为这首诗谱曲。他在这部交响曲中首次加入了人声。三年后的1827年3月26日,贝多芬与世长辞,享年56岁。
5. 贝多芬希望他的作品能够让人一听即懂,但其创作目的绝不仅仅是娱乐大众,而是想给人们醍醐灌顶般的感受,他的音乐就像演讲一般。他希望自己的音乐能在演奏结束后,依然久久回荡在人们心田。在他有生之年,所有交响曲皆得以出版,也有机会在欧洲各大城市公演。
6. 两万名哀悼者(维也纳人口的十分之一)参加了贝多芬的葬礼,其中包括作曲家舒伯特(Franz Schubert)。他陪伴遗体来到北维也纳墓园,不幸的是,两年后他也被葬在了这里。直到1839年,舒伯特的两部交响曲才吸引了人们的注意。《未完成交响曲》在1860s才首次公演。事实上,舒伯特除了艺术歌曲和钢琴曲,也创作了多部交响乐,但在他生前没有一部得到公演,最著名的一部则只完成了一半。《第九交响曲》体现了他宏伟的计划。
7. 舒伯特的父亲是一所学校的校长,他和朋友们常在父亲的学校里演奏。舒伯特的作品很重要的一点就是,他对音乐的处理更加轻松随意。他的杰出之处在于,他可以在交响乐中按照自己的兴趣来演绎声音,不用总是担心整个作品的脉络,虽然其中也包含了贝多芬式的创作逻辑。舒伯特的音乐中有留白,听众可以自行插入想象,这正是他音乐的包容之处。舒伯特带领听众开展一段旅行,那种模棱两可的感觉令人感觉妙不可言,音乐的表达方式十分大胆。
8. 然而,舒伯特说完“我想写交响乐”后就遗憾而终了。1888年,他的遗体被转移到中央墓园,与贝多芬毗邻。据说舒伯特的兄弟Ferdinand Schubert是贝多芬新墓碑的设计者。
9. 1825年,法国的一名医学生柏辽兹(Hector Berlioz)不顾父亲反对弃医从乐,进入了巴黎音乐学院学习。在开始学习后不久,他聆听了前一年辞世的贝多芬的《第五交响曲》在法国的首演。法国正统音乐家认为其作品古怪、不和谐、刺耳又聒噪,听上去毫无旋律性可言,演奏起来又极其费劲,但柏辽兹认为该曲简直不可思议,同时他声称自己将开辟一条新的道路。
10. 1830年,基于一场因争议重重的选举引发的巷战,柏辽兹创作了《一位艺术家的生活片段》。故事内容是男主角爱上了一位高不可攀的女子,单恋的痛苦使他疯狂,他试图通过过量吸食鸦片来自杀,但毒品却使他陷入了一系列前所未有的奇异幻觉中。柏辽兹称这部作品为《幻想交响曲》。实际上,该作品的创作与1827年9月柏辽兹来到奥德翁剧院观看由爱尔兰女演员Harriet Smithson主演的《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》有关。他疯狂地爱上了她,因此决定写出一部宏伟的交响乐,成为一位公认的伟大作曲家,从而能够以对等的身份接近心上人。1832年末,Harriet意外出席了一场音乐会,这才意识到一切皆因她而起。当晚两人终于认识了彼此,柏辽兹当场求婚,而Harriet也接受了。1833年10月3日,两人在英国驻法大使馆结婚。
11. 柏辽兹在音乐形式上的创新之一就是固定乐思(Idee Fixe),一段象征着一种强迫观念的旋律。贝多芬这样的作曲家会选取一段旋律作为主旨,将其逐步分解展开。反之,柏辽兹的固定乐思基本保持不变,每次以不同的形式出现,但都极富辨识度。同时,柏辽兹不会弹钢琴,只会演奏长笛与吉他,因此他比较习惯于悠长且极富民歌特色的旋律。
12. 柏辽兹出生于工业革命年代,1820s阀门的发明意味着新型铜管乐器的出现。在他的交响曲首演后不到五年,大号(Tuba)获得了专利。此前从没有作曲家像他一样明确地标注出每一部分演奏乐器的数量,在他眼中,整个乐团仿佛就是一件大师级的乐器。
13. 柏辽兹在巴黎的12年间创作了四部交响曲——《幻想交响曲》、一部基于拜伦诗作的交响曲、一部雄伟的葬礼交响曲和《罗密欧与朱丽叶交响曲》。36岁的柏辽兹用这部作品向Harriet表达爱意,同时不仅用音乐讲述了故事,还让乐器成为了剧中的演员,比如长笛和木管乐器代表朱丽叶,大提琴则代表罗密欧。可惜的是,该作品公演三年后,两人的婚姻破裂,Harriet在十年后逝世。年过六旬、健康欠佳又无人陪伴的柏辽兹在临死前回到了他的出生地格勒诺布尔(Grenoble),在这里遇见了自己少年时期的心上人Estelle并向她表白。
14. 交响乐史上的下一步发展来自一个以德国小镇魏玛(Weimar)为中心的思想流派,代表人物是歌德(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)和席勒。李斯特(Franz Liszt)改编的钢琴版贝多芬《第九交响曲》使魏玛在音乐界众所周知。李斯特是当时欧洲最著名的钢琴演奏家,被人们崇拜和赞美了20年。与贝多芬和柏辽兹不同,他一直过着富裕又舒适的生活,因此他接受了魏玛大公爵的资助,担任魏玛宫廷的特别宫廷乐长。
15. 来到魏玛的头十年,李斯特谱写了12首交响诗——这是一种单乐章曲目,利用整个管弦乐团来尝试新的叙事方式,它们都是标题音乐,且极富文学色彩。李斯特的首部完整规模交响曲,为歌德的《浮士德》(《Faust》,三位主人公分别是男主角Faust,女主角Gretchen和恶魔Mephistopheles)配上了深刻有力而令人不安的音乐。歌德认为,追求卓越和高品位能够将强调均衡的古典主义思想与强调个人情感的浪漫主义思想相结合。李斯特同意该观点,并且希望自己的作品能将听众的现有知性思维转化为发自内心的感性反应。
16. 除了原创作品外,李斯特的伟大贡献还包括贝多芬和柏辽兹多部交响曲的钢琴改编曲,这对于传播和普及交响曲起到了关键作用。
17. 李斯特通过乐旨来刻画人物及其情感的能力深刻影响了同时代的许多音乐家。瓦格纳(Richard Wagner)前往魏玛拜访了李斯特,并且大方承认自己的歌剧大量借鉴了他的音乐。
Chapter 3 New Nations and New Worlds
1. 1876年,弗朗茨·约瑟夫(Franz Joseph)国王下令拆除维也纳城墙,用一条豪华的环城大道(又名戒指路)取而代之。与此同时,瓦格纳的大型歌剧《女武神的骑行》也开始进行创作。瓦格纳曾断言“交响乐已死”,当他在拜罗伊特的特制剧院里首演《尼伯龙根的指环》时,他选用了贝九作为开场,仿佛在宣告:“告别贝多芬吧,我的时代来临了。”
2. 1870年,维也纳的新音乐厅金色大厅正式对外营业,这里也将成为瓦格纳与勃拉姆斯(Johannes Brahms)的交锋之地。勃拉姆斯来自德国汉堡,成长于一个新教路德派家庭,但他本人并非信徒。1876年,他耗时14年完成的第一部交响曲在德国首演,同年12月17日在金色大厅演出,作为对贝多芬诞辰的庆祝。勃拉姆斯的作品获得了巨大成功,乐评人的力推使民众热情更为高涨,其中的关键人物就是勃拉姆斯的好友和支持者Edward Hanslick,他煽起了勃拉姆斯与瓦格纳之争。Hanslick热爱纯粹抽象的音乐,认为瓦格纳只求表现哲理,而牺牲了音乐的旋律与形式。瓦格纳则认为,纯粹的音乐是不存在的,音乐可以影射政治也可以指出社会问题,重点是要用音乐传达一种想法。
3. 瓦格纳不仅有乐迷,还有信徒。其中最重要的一位就是年轻的管风琴手兼作曲家布鲁克纳(Anton Bruckner)。布鲁克纳出生于林茨(Linz)附近,曾是唱诗班少年,后任管风琴师,就职于圣弗洛里安的奥古斯丁修道院。他是一位虔诚的天主教徒,马勒形容他半傻半神。布鲁克纳的《第三交响曲》是献给瓦格纳的,并于1877年12月在金色大厅首演,仅比勃拉姆斯的《第一交响曲》晚一年,可惜以惨败告终。瓦格纳教会了他如何组织音程跨度很大的乐曲,如何使用和声和表现力去填补音乐中巨大的时间跨度。勃拉姆斯把布鲁克纳的交响乐比作一条巨大的蟒蛇,但他古怪的交响曲最终还是被维也纳接受了。只不过布鲁克纳和马勒的作品由于篇幅很长、创意独特、充满野心而蕴含焦虑,因此直到1960s-70s才为国际听众所熟知。
4. 哈布斯堡王朝治下有17个不同的民族,但很多民族并不愿意成为这个熔炉中的一部分,并于1848年起义。动乱后,18岁的弗朗茨登基,开始了长达68年的统治。然而由于许多要求未能满足,民族仇恨日益加深,尤其是在波西米亚。1880年,莱比锡一家报纸报道了布拉格的音乐奇才德沃夏克(Dvorak),日益尖锐的民族关系为他的作品增添了许多魅力。
5. 德沃夏克的父亲是一位屠夫兼旅馆老板,因此他在欢乐的歌舞声中长大。他的《第六交响曲》是写给维也纳爱乐乐团的,但实际上该作品在1881年于布拉格首演,直到1942年才被维也纳爱乐乐团演奏。德沃夏克以勃拉姆斯的交响曲为典范,但他并无采用典型的诙谐曲(Scherzo)和间奏曲(Intermezzo)形式,而是选用了波西米亚的民间舞曲富瑞安舞曲(Furiant)。
6. 德沃夏克在音乐中显示民族特征,他所做的正是把交响乐从上流社会推广给更多普通听众。继勃拉姆斯因匈牙利舞曲成名后,德沃夏克也因斯拉夫舞曲而家喻户晓。当然,勃拉姆斯是在模仿自己在维也纳听到的匈牙利吉普赛舞曲,但德沃夏克写出的富瑞安舞曲和斯拉夫舞曲都富有民族情怀。
7. 德沃夏克与柴可夫斯基以及勃拉姆斯是好友,但勃拉姆斯不信上帝。德沃夏克曾经感叹:“勃拉姆斯连上帝都不信,怎么可能作出如此美妙的音乐呢?”勃拉姆斯也很欣赏德沃夏克的音乐,同时给予了他很大帮助。但总体来说,勃拉姆斯对维也纳的正统音乐是不屑一顾的。像柴可夫斯基和德沃夏克这样的民族作曲家虽极富色彩,却有失严肃,布鲁克纳评价:“你可以给一对香肠涂上蓝色或绿色,但它们终究还是一对香肠。”
8. 1890年,一位年轻的芬兰作曲家西贝柳斯(Jean Sibelius)来到维也纳学习。他是瓦格纳的超级粉丝,但也很欣赏贝九和布鲁克纳的《第三交响曲》。同德沃夏克一样,他的交响曲也富有民族特色。西贝柳斯从芬兰史诗《卡勒瓦拉》(《Kalevala》)中寻找灵感,着重描写了其中颇具悲剧色彩的反面英雄库莱尔沃(Kullervo)。他于1892年完成了《库莱尔沃》,随后于1899年创作了惊世名作《芬兰颂》。
9. 《卡勒瓦拉》的出现令芬兰人恍然大悟,原来这片土地在基督教会统治时代、瑞典统治时代和俄国统治时代之前便早已拥有了悠久的历史。在瑞典统治下度过六个世纪后,芬兰大公国于1809年成为了俄国的附属国。1894年,赫尔辛基市政厅广场树起了亚历山大二世的雕像,芬兰人称他为英明的沙皇。与其他附属国不同,芬兰人拥有一定自治权,但从1890s开始,俄国政府逐渐限制芬兰的自治权,这激起了芬兰人的民族独立运动。
10. 西贝柳斯的好友,画家加伦-卡雷拉(Akseli Gallen-Kallela)因其以《卡勒瓦拉》为主题的画作而著名。而《卡勒瓦拉》中流传最广的就是库莱尔沃的故事,它讲述了一个悲剧,库莱尔沃勾引了他邂逅的一名女子,日后才发现那正是自己的妹妹。西贝柳斯谱曲时选取了具有进攻色彩的铜管乐器,震惊了当时的乐坛。
11. 西贝柳斯拒绝人们将他塑造成一位民族主义作曲家,他希望自己的音乐既有民族主义色彩,又能在国际上声名远播。英国人和美国人很欣赏他的作品,因为与德国不同,这两个国家的历史传统中缺失了深厚而系统的音乐文化。
12. 1907年,马勒(Gustav Mahler)前往赫尔辛基的一场音乐会担任指挥,并会见了加伦-卡雷拉,通过他结识了西贝柳斯。某天散步时,两人讨论了交响乐这种形式。西贝柳斯崇尚严整而富有逻辑的构架,马勒却认为交响乐应如大千世界一般包罗万象。马勒成长于一个偏僻的小山村,村中还驻扎着大量士兵,因此他的童年充斥着军队进行曲以及军号声。他放弃了犹太教的信仰,改信基督教,以便在维也纳立足。
13. 马勒的好友克里姆特(Gustav Klimt)为1902年的贝多芬展绘制了一幅壁画,图中的马勒被描绘出英气逼人的骑士。它以绘画的形式展现了瓦格纳眼中的贝九。马勒在这届展会上担任改编版贝九的指挥。他在创作《第三交响曲》时,受到了贝多芬所作《欢乐颂》的启发。马勒和克里姆特一样,善于从私人化的角度进行创作。他的《第三交响曲》几乎颠覆了交响乐的构架,包含六个乐章,时长近100分钟,是耗时最长的交响曲之一。
14. 马勒因自己有机会去开发管弦乐团的潜力而欣喜若狂,他让管弦乐团做出的改变是无人胆敢尝试的,就这点而言,他可谓继承了柏辽兹的衣钵。马勒热衷于在乐曲中加入各种极端化声音,这也在某种程度上令他成为了20世纪第一位伟大的作曲家。
15. 马勒平日在歌剧院担任指挥和导演,只在假期作曲。然而由于出生于波西米亚,在犹太家庭长大,马勒总是与社会格格不入。尽管他天赋异禀,却遭到反犹主义的打压。不过,马勒、德沃夏克、柴可夫斯基和西贝柳斯等民族乐派作曲家,即将成为新生音乐文化的奠基人。
16. 1891年,柴可夫斯基应邀指挥卡耐基音乐厅的开幕音乐会。马勒担任了纽约爱乐乐团和大都会歌剧院的指挥。德沃夏克则成为了国家音乐学院的院长,年薪15000美金。同时,他在纽约创作了《第九交响曲》(《自新大陆》),并与1893年12月16日在卡耐基音乐厅首演。这场演出由安东·塞都(Anton Seidl)指挥,他是汉斯·李希特(Hans Richter)的助手,曾协助其在拜罗伊特指挥《尼伯龙根的指环》,事实上他是一位忠实的瓦格纳拥护者。
17. 德沃夏克在美国待了两年半,他在音乐学院的学生中有几个非裔美国人,包括艾灵顿公爵的老师。德沃夏克曾说过:“在黑人音乐的旋律中,我发现了伟大音乐流派所需具备的一切元素。”他刚到美国时就搜集了一些与音乐相关的材料,其中有一本知名杂志《黑人音乐》,上面刊登了一篇Johann Tonsor所著的文章,介绍了六例黑人音乐。其中《马车轻摇载我回家》中的一段旋律被德沃夏克用作《自新大陆》的创作素材。事实上Johann Tonsor并不存在,这个名字是来自肯塔基州的一位研究黑人音乐的人种学家Mildred Hill取的,而《生日快乐歌》正是她的作品。
18. 吸引德沃夏克的另一元素是印第安文化,他对Longfellow的《Song of Hiawatha》着迷不已。给德沃夏克推荐《黑人旋律》文章的评论家James Gibbons Huneker在首演评论中向德沃夏克为美国音乐注入了新的文化元素致敬。
19. 在当时,拥有交响乐传统是证明一个国家是否正统的标志,所以美国人希望德沃夏克创作美式交响乐。沙皇俄国也是如此。在圣彼得堡,能够把民族音乐灵魂与德国传统融为一体的集大成者便是柴可夫斯基(Tchaikovsky)。1893年10月,他的新作《第六交响曲》(又称《悲怆交响曲》)在金色大厅首演,由本人亲自担任指挥。由于他的作品非常流行,柴可夫斯基的音乐总被认为缺乏深度,但该交响曲却是一首纯粹抒发个人情感的作品。首演后9天,柴可夫斯基就与世长辞。
Chapter 4 Revolution and Rebirth
1. 1912年,马勒的最后一部交响曲在维也纳首演。
2. 肖斯塔科维奇(Dmitri Shostakovich)是一位音乐神童,1919年,年仅13岁的他就进入了音乐专科学院学习。16岁时,肖斯塔科维奇的父亲去世,为了养家糊口他开始为默片配乐。他19岁时的毕业习作《第一交响曲》是苏维埃政权下诞生的第一部音乐杰作,仅一年内就在柏林、维也纳、费城和布宜诺斯艾利斯举行了公演,广受赞誉。《第一交响曲》就像是默片的配乐,诙谐而充满黑色幽默,不幸的是,肖斯塔科维奇的幽默感在斯大林的迫害下消失殆尽。
3. 1920s,苏联的艺术家进行了一系列大胆激进而富有新意的创作。然而好景不长,1932年,在斯大林的统治,社会主义成为了苏联的国策,政府要求作曲家的作品为社会服务,并极尽正面地反映周遭生活场景。为了纪念卫国战争,肖斯塔科维奇创作了《列宁格勒交响曲》。苏联人把乐谱拍摄在微缩胶片上,然后用美国军舰送往美国,这正是同盟国想要的公开表态。
4. 战争胜利后,人们翘首以待肖斯塔科维奇的《第九交响曲》。但该作品却与官方的期待完全不同,肖斯塔科维奇回归了海顿的风格,表面上看起来轻松愉悦,实际上却十分悲伤,而巴松管(Bassoon)比其他所有乐器都更能表现这种讽刺和惆怅。
5. 美国著名作曲家科普兰(Aaron Copland)被《列宁格勒交响曲》的魅力折服,自己也创作了一部交响曲来庆祝盟军的胜利。《普通人的号角华彩》改编后被用于他的《第三交响曲》末乐章,充分反映了他的平等主义思想,因为他深知正是那些普通士兵将去承载战争所赋予的责任。科普兰是一位很俭朴的人,他一生的大部分时间都在纽约市搬来搬去,并且追求简洁与实用。他的《第三交响曲》成为了在美国演出最多的交响作品。
6. 艾夫斯(Charles Ives)1874年10月20日生于新英格兰,他是作曲家中的另类——一位纯粹的美国本土音乐家。他受过系统的音乐教育,将经常听到的民谣、通俗音乐和宗教音乐以崭新方式重新整合,创作出诸如《假日交响曲》之类的作品。艾夫斯的父亲George Ives是一名音乐教师兼任乐队指挥,他的乐队经常为游行队伍、节日庆祝以及追悼会提供演奏服务,被认为是丹伯里(Danbury)最好的铜管乐队。年少的肖斯塔科维奇曾为革命中丧失的人们创作了葬礼进行曲,艾夫斯的哀乐却是为他的宠物猫所作。这首哀乐大受褒赞,于是他又为邻居家死去的宠物作了哀乐。
7. 17岁时,艾夫斯创作了早期作品《假日快步舞曲》。直到1909年,35岁左右的他才创作出《第二交响曲》,但该作品直到1951年才进行了首演。之后的10年中他完成了更具激情的《假日交响曲》。艾夫斯很有远见,他不断尝试,希望能找到一种能代表美国的风格。他在创作生涯初期模仿了欧洲式交响乐,但绝非被动接受。艾夫斯想创作一部欧洲式的交响曲,但其中的素材却是美国式旋律。
8. 艾夫斯不想依靠音乐谋生,因为如果需要用音乐挣钱,作品就必须能卖出去,而他无意于迎合任何人的口味。因此艾夫斯成为了保险推销员,并且靠卖保险成为了百万富翁。艾夫斯的实验主义部分来自于他的父亲会同时用两种不同曲调演奏,以此训练他。至少在美国,艾夫斯是第一个写出在同一时刻出现两支曲调的人,这在他的作品中随处可见。而当父亲告诉艾夫斯,交响曲的起止音符往往一致时,他回答:“这简直愚蠢之极,就跟人必须死在自己出生的那栋房子里一样蠢。”
9. 曾被德国人称为“音乐荒漠”的英国涌现了埃尔加(Edward Elgar)这样的作曲家,他的《第一交响曲》广受欢迎,即使在德国也是如此。威廉姆斯(Ralph Vaughan Williams)则迫切希望创造出一种国家风格。他对民谣很感兴趣,这个特点贯穿了他的音乐,也为他的一些作品诸如《田园交响曲》招来了地方主义的骂名。
10. 在过去的250年间,我们见证了交响乐的演奏者从宫廷中的一小部分乐师到如今超过100人的交响乐团。作品既有表达个人情感的,也有公开宣言。交响乐对于音乐的意义正如莎士比亚之于文学。
《交响乐的故事》影评(九):第三章 New.Nations.and.New.Worlds
人人影视
YYeTs.com
1912年,维也纳
Vienna, 1912.
奥匈帝国的迷梦逐渐瓦解
The certainties of Empire were falling away
残酷战争的阴霾日益迫近
and cataclysmic wars were looming.
20世纪这一百年间
Through the course of the 20th century
世界变化的速度超乎历史上的任何时代
the world would change faster than ever before.
世事变幻 自然也触动了作曲家的心弦
And composers responded to those changes, too.
交响乐成为了联结各大洲的纽带
The symphony now connected continents,
吸引了大批听众
reached vast new audiences
但也不可避免地被推向了时代的风口浪尖
and inevitably ended up in the front line.
《第九交响曲》是马勒的最后一部交响曲
Mahler's 9th Symphony, his last,
于1912年在维也纳首次公演
was given its first performance here in Vienna in 1912,
此时马勒已去世一年有余
a year after the composer's death.
这部交响曲具有激进而新颖的音乐视角
In part, a radical new musical vision,
却又极富对过往的缅怀与渴望
in part, a nostalgic yearning for the past.
乐曲的最后几小节余音渐弱 归于平静
The last bars of the piece fade away gently into silence.
如贝多芬《第九交响曲》那般狂欢与神圣的
The time for the triumphant apotheosis at the end of symphony,
乐曲结尾已悄然消失
as in Beethoven's 9th, was over.
但何时又将卷土重来呢
ut for how long?
进入20世纪后的第一个十年
In the first decades of the 20th century,
俄国的局势动荡不安
Russia was in turmoil.
在圣彼得堡 即当时的彼得格勒
Here in St Petersburg, then called Petrograd,
革命者推翻了沙皇的统治
revolutionaries deposed the Tsar
满怀希望 想创造一个崭新的世界
with the hope of creating a new world.
作曲家迪米特里·肖斯塔科维奇说过
The composer Dmitri Shostakovich claimed that
as a boy he was here at the Finland railway station
曾在芬兰火车站见到列宁回俄国来领导革命
when Lenin returned to Russia in 1917 to lead the revolution.
肖斯塔科维奇记得自己曾走上聂夫斯基大道
hostakovich remembered walking on Nevsky Prospekt
为在革命中牺牲的烈士送葬
in a funeral procession for victims of the revolution
他还为这些烈士谱写了一部葬礼进行曲
and he composed a funeral march for them.
他是位音乐神童
He was a musical prodigy,
1919年 年仅13岁的他
enrolling at the music conservatoire
便进入了音乐专科学院学习
aged only 13 in 1919.
他的《第一交响曲》就是他的毕业习作
His 1st Symphony was his graduation piece
也是苏维埃政权下诞生的第一部音乐杰作
and the first significant music of the Soviet regime.
我在圣彼得堡的肖斯塔科维奇故居
At Shostakovich's old apartment in St Petersburg,
见到了欧佳·迪贡斯卡娅
I met Olga Digonskaya,
她负责管理肖斯塔科维奇的作品资料库
who looks after the archive of his music.
肖斯塔科维奇16岁时 他的父亲故去了
When Shostakovich was 16 his father died,
为了养家糊口
and to earn money for the family
他便开始为无声电影演奏背景音乐
he started playing the piano for silent movies
他的工作地点就在离家不远的
at this cinema just around the corner
这家电影院
from the Shostakovich apartment.
盖瑞斯 起头悠扬一点 轻柔一点
Gareth, try a little softer at the beginning, sweeter,
随后我引入第二小节
and then as we go, I broaden out in the second bar for you,
你再把音量加大
o you fill out the sound.
马克·埃尔德正在指导BBC交响乐团
Mark Elder is working with the BBC Symphony Orchestra
如何将该曲中对比强烈的感觉表现出来
on the highly contrasted music of this symphony.
好吗 再来一次
OK? Let's have another go.
大家听好 只演奏四小节就好
Just play four, everybody.
在我看来 《第一交响曲》
This first symphony seems to me
就像是无声电影的背景音乐
to be the soundtrack for a silent movie.
电影具体的故事情节无人知晓
I don't know what the story is,
但他的乐曲却令交响乐团化作了众位演员
ut he uses the orchestra as a cast of characters.
这部作品很诙谐 他很擅长使用黑色幽默
It's very funny. He had such a wicked sense of humour,
但斯大林日后对他的迫害
omething, of course, Stalin knocked out of him completely
却令他的幽默感完全泯灭
later on in his life.
再来一次 二 三 四 一
Just once again. Two, three, four, one.
他深受其他艺术形式的影响
And a man so influenced by the other art forms,
比如戏剧和电影
in the theatre and in cinema.
这些都在他的《第一交响曲》中有所体现
And all that comes together in this first symphony.
革命年代初期
In these early years of the revolution,
艺术是宣传革命精神的必要手段
art was integral to the message.
鼓动性极强的海报遍布各个村庄
Agit
而在彼得格勒
And in Petrograd,
音乐厅 歌厅以及电影院中的观众
the concert halls, music halls and cinemas
则是刚刚当家做主的无产阶级
layed to a new proletarian audience.
如今的人们可能早已忘却
I think it's easy to forget now
先锋派艺术在20世纪20年代席卷了全球
that the avant
苏联自然也不例外
that also reached the Soviet Union.
莫斯科和圣彼得堡的剧院内
eople in the theatre were still doing radical things
艺术家们仍在大胆地进行尝试
in Moscow and St Petersburg.
人们通常会认为
There was also a feeling
20世纪20年代是一段特殊的时期
that the 1920s were the beginning and the end of an era,
而这个时代的上空
o there was this kind of dark cloud
总是乌云密布
hanging over the era as well.
肖斯塔科维奇的《第一交响曲》
o you have in Shostakovich's 1st Symphony
便是以上时代元素的集大成者
oth of these things together.
20世纪20年代 苏联的艺术家
Artists in Russia during the 1920s
进行了一系列大胆激进而富有新意的创作
were experimenting with the radical and the innovative.
然而好景不长
ut it wasn't to last.
1932年 在斯大林的统治下
Under Stalin, Socialist Realism
社会主义现实主义成为了苏联的国策
ecame state policy in 1932,
政府要求作曲家的作品为社会服务
and composers were expected to serve society
并极尽正面地反映周遭的生活场景
and reflect the life around them in the most optimistic light.
这一要求
It was a requirement
让肖斯塔科维奇惹上了不少麻烦
that was to cause Shostakovich problems on several occasions.
《第一交响曲》的第四乐章
In the fourth movement,
向世人展示了19岁的肖斯塔科维奇
hostakovich shows himself to be the master of,
对恐惧的描画已达炉火纯青的程度
already at the age of 19, 'the portrayal of terror'.
他有一项冠绝20世纪所有作曲家的能力
More than any other 20th
即他可以在音乐中
he is able to put into sound
融入人们从噩梦中惊醒后
the feelings that we all have after a nightmare,
以及被突发状况惊吓之后的感受
after being frightened by some unexpected event in our lives.
必须承认
And let's face it,
苏联人民确实生活在恐惧的阴影之中
the Soviets knew a lot about living under terror.
尽管只是19岁少年的毕业习作
Although it was a 19
肖斯塔科维奇的《第一交响曲》却广受赞誉
hostakovich's First Symphony was a huge success.
仅仅一年之内便在柏林 维也纳
Within a year it was performed in Berlin, Vienna,
费城和布宜诺斯艾利斯举行了公演
hiladelphia and Buenos Aires.
乐曲首演时的指挥是尼古拉·马尔科
ikolai Malko, who conducted the premiere,
他在日记中写道
wrote in his diary,
交响乐的历史似乎因为这部交响曲
I feel as if we have started a new page
而翻开了崭新的一页
In the history of symphonic music.
正当肖斯塔科维奇在共产主义苏联
Whilst Shostakovich was quickly picked up
声名鹊起 成为著名音乐家之时
as the musical face of Communist Russia,
身处资本主义美国的查尔斯·艾夫斯
Charles Ives, a composer in capitalist America,
远远地超越了时代
was so ahead of his time,
因此 他的音乐至今仍十分小众
his music still isn't well
艾夫斯生于新英格兰
orn in New England,
他将经常回荡于耳边的
Ives drew on the folk, popular
民谣 通俗音乐 宗教音乐
and church music he heard around him,
以崭新的形式重新整合
utting them together in a new way
创作出诸如《假日交响曲》之类的作品
in pieces like his Holiday Symphony.
这座房子位于康涅狄格州的丹伯里市
This is the house in Danbury, Connecticut,
查尔斯·艾夫斯于1874年在此出生
where Charles Ives was born in 1874.
艾夫斯是作曲家中的另类
Ives is one of history's more eccentric composers.
他是纯粹的美国本土音乐家
A true American original.
年少时的肖斯塔科维奇
While Shostakovich, as a boy,
曾为革命中丧生的人们创作了葬礼进行曲
composed a funeral elegy for victims of the revolution,
艾夫斯的哀乐却是为他的宠物猫所作
Ives composed a funeral elegy for his pet cat,
这首哀乐大受褒赞
and after popular acclamation,
于是他又为邻居家死去的宠物创作了哀乐
wrote other elegies for his neighbours' animals.
查尔斯·艾夫斯就是在这张床上出生的
This is the bed where Charles Ives was born
那天是1874年10月20日
October 20th, 1874.
那把摇椅应该是流传下来的真品
That rocking chair I know is original.
这个物件很特别
And this is very special.
小艾夫斯就曾睡在这个摇篮之内
This is the cradle, and he was laid in that cradle.
我们喜爱的查尔斯·艾夫斯的人生
And that was the beginning of the Charles Ives
就是从这里开始的
that we all know and many of us love.
查尔斯·艾夫斯接受了非常系统的音乐教育
Charles Ives received an impeccable musical education.
他的父亲 乔治·艾夫斯
His father, George Ives,
是一名音乐教师 兼任乐队指挥
was a music teacher and band leader.
乔治·艾夫斯的乐队经常为游行队伍
George Ives' band would play for marches
节日庆祝以及追悼会提供演奏服务
and for holidays, memorial services.
他的乐队被认作丹伯里最好的铜管乐队
He was considered Danbury's brass band.
这是艾夫斯故居的客厅
We're sitting in the parlour
窗外就是这个城市的主干道
and surrounding us is Main Street.
查尔斯·艾夫斯的父亲乔治
And Charles Ives' father, George,
曾是内战中北方联邦军内
who had been the youngest band director
最年轻的乐团指挥
in the Union Army in the Civil War,
那时他经常召集在社区乐团中演奏的
he used to rehearse the kids and the adults
孩子与成人进行排练
who played in these community bands,
在小山丘来来回回 上上下下地行进
and they would march back and forth up and down the hill.
这条大街上的发生的一切 事无巨细
And Charles Ives absolutely absorbed everything
都对查尔斯·艾夫斯产生了深远影响
that happened on Main Street.
今晚我们演奏的曲目叫作《假日快步舞曲》
The piece we're playing tonight is called Holiday Quickstep,
这是查尔斯·艾夫斯的早期作品之一
one of the very first things that Charles Ives wrote.
他创作这首乐曲时 年仅17岁
He was 17 years
这么年轻就写出如此高水平的作品实属不易
It's quite well constructed for somebody that young.
这部乐曲还是相当优秀的
It's a nice piece of music.
直到35岁左右
Charles Ives was in his mid
艾夫斯才创作了他的《第二交响曲》
when he composed his Second Symphony,
而之后的十年中
a decade before
他完成了更具激情的《假日交响曲》
his more radical Holiday Symphony.
《第二交响曲》完成于1909年
Completed in 1909,
但直至1951年才进行了首演
it didn't get its first performance until 1951,
由伦纳德·伯恩斯坦指挥
with Leonard Bernstein conducting.
他很有远见
He was an incredible visionary.
他不断尝试 找寻具有美国特色的美感
He wanted to try and find a sort of American beauty,
希望能找到一种
one that would represent to him
能够代表他的祖国和人民的风格
the voice of his people and his land.
他想创作一部欧洲式的交响曲
He wanted to write a European symphony
其中各个乐章的规模 比例及色彩
with the movements corresponding roughly
都大致仿照欧洲典型的交响曲
to the scale and proportions and colours of a European model,
但其中的素材 却全是美国式的旋律
ut he wanted all the material to be American tunes...
他想向世人证明 美国在这方面也能有所成就
To prove that America could hold its head high
且创作出的作品能与贝多芬 勃拉姆斯
and do something that was worthy of Beethoven and Brahms
以及其他交响乐前辈们相媲美
and all the others that had come before.
他在创作生涯初期模仿了欧洲式交响乐
Although he took the European symphony as his starting point,
但艾夫斯绝非完全被动地
Ives certainly wasn't slavish
膜拜与套用欧洲的传统
in his admiration for that tradition.
他曾说 在堪萨斯州的麦田中度过一天
You can learn more from a day in a Kansas wheat field,
胜过在欧洲待上三年
he once said, Than three years in Europe.
而当他的父亲告诉他
And when told by his father
交响曲的起止音符往往一致时
that a symphony generally finished in the same key it started in,
他答道 这简直愚蠢至极
he replied that was just as silly
就跟人必须死在自己出生的那栋房子里一样蠢
as having to die in the same house you were born in.
他不想依靠音乐谋生
He didn't want to make his living with music because
因为如果他需要用音乐挣钱
if he had to make a living in music,
作品就必须能卖出去
he had to be able to sell what he wrote.
而他并无意用自己的创作迎合你我
And he had no intention of having to write to cater to your taste
或任何其他人的品味
or to my taste or anybody's taste.
对他而言 更重要的是
It was more important to him
创作出有朝一日或许会受欢迎的音乐
to write music that maybe people would like someday.
没错 人人都想受欢迎
ure, everybody likes to be liked.
但他并不十分在意
ut he didn't really care.
所以他做了什么呢 他去卖保险了
o what did he do instead? He went and he sold insurance.
事实上 他靠着卖保险成为百万富翁
As a matter of fact, he became a millionaire selling insurance,
从而彻底无需为推销自己的音乐担心
and in doing that, he didn't have to worry about selling his music.
艾夫斯的试验主义有很大一部分源自其父
Much of Ives' experimentalism came directly from his father,
他训练艾夫斯时 会同时用两个不同的曲调
who, amongst other things, got him to sing and play the piano
唱歌和弹钢琴
in two different keys at the same time.
他父亲的另一项试验
One of his father's experiments
也令查尔斯·艾夫斯兴趣十足
that I know Charles Ives was really interested in,
这是有文件可考的
ecause it's well documented.
他父亲安排一支乐队
His dad had one band
从圣彼得教堂出发 沿着主干道演奏
march out of St Peter Church on Main Street.
另一支乐队则从里奇菲尔德出发
And then he had another band coming from Richfield
两支乐队相向而行
and they were marching the opposite direction
演奏两首不同的乐曲
laying two different pieces of music.
在查尔斯·艾夫斯的作品中
And the effect of the two different pieces of music,
两首不同乐曲同时演奏的影响处处可见
you can hear it in almost everything Charles Ives later wrote.
至少在美国 他是第一个
He was the first person, certainly in America,
写出在同一时刻出现两支曲调的人
to write two different things going on at the same time.
我发现 有一两部他的作品
One or two of his pieces, I find,
在两位指挥同时工作的时候效果最好
work best when you have two conductors
你必须告诉乐队的一部分
and you say to part of the orchestra,
别看我 看另外那个人
Don't follow me, follow the other guy.
然后你们试着在中点会和
And you somehow try and meet in the middle.
受他让音乐事件重叠
ecause he had this idea of overlapping musical events
最终合为一体的思路影响
then finally coming together.
他最喜欢的一些进行曲 流行歌曲
ome of his favourite march tunes, popular songs
以及他最喜欢的
and above all, one of his favourites,
《哥伦比亚海洋之珍》
Columbia Gem Of The Ocean.
这首曲子在交响曲末尾
which comes at the end of the symphony
在所有长号齐奏下 磅礴而出
roaring out on all the trombones.
他需要把所有这些引向尾声
o he needs to bring all this to a finale
到高潮处 乐队的不同部分同时演奏
and there's this great moment when three or four tunes are played
三种或四种曲调
y different parts of the orchestra all at the same time.
而所有这些都止于一声轻叹
The farewell gesture is a raspberry.
此处的精髓是
ow the thing about this is
他只写了短短的一个音符 啪
that he wrote a short note Bah
这不和谐的响动就如同一记清脆的耳光
as if it was a slap across the face, with this strange dissonant chord.
在聆听了兰尼·伯恩斯坦
And then I listened to Lennie Bernstein's performance
精彩而富有启发的演出后
which is so wonderful and so inspiring
我被彻底折服了 他将尾音延长
and blow me down, he extended it.
不再是啪 而是啪啦啦
It was like a Bluurgh rather than a Bah
我觉得效果再好不过了
and I think it works best that way.
太棒了
That's great!
回到欧洲 奥匈帝国在一战后走向灭亡
ack in Europe, the Austro-Hungarian empire had imploded in the First World War
维也纳不再是昔日的音乐之都
and Vienna was no longer the musical centre it had been.
交响乐被新的国家继承
The symphony had been taken up by new national voices.
在英国
In Britain,
这片曾被德国人称作音乐荒漠的土地上
the Land without music as the Germans dubbed it,
音乐界在爱德华·埃尔加的作品中迎来新生
the musical world received a new lease of life through the work of Edward Elgar,
他的《第一交响曲》广受欢迎
whose First Symphony was extremely well received,
即使在德国也是如此
even in Germany.
一批新的作曲家如雨后春笋般涌现
A new generation of composers sprang up,
其中就有拉尔夫·沃恩·威廉斯
among them Ralph Vaughan Williams,
他曾就读于我身后的皇家音乐学院
who studied here at the Royal College of Music.
他迫切希望创造出一种国家风格
He felt strongly the need to create a National style,
无论这意味着什么
whatever that might mean.
我们这些英国作曲家
We English composers,
他说 总是在说
he said, Are always saying,
听听瓦格纳 勃拉姆斯
here are Wagner and Brahms,
格里格和柴可夫斯基的作品
And Grieg and Tchaikovsky,
他们多么伟大
what fine fellows they are.
我们也应该回家写几部这样的作品
Let us try and do something like this at home.
他们总是忘记 一旦离开故土
Always forgetting that it will not sound at all
这些音乐就将面目全非
like this when transplanted from its native soil.
当然 他对民谣非常感兴趣
He was passionately interested in folk song, of course,
这个特点贯穿他的音乐
and this permeates his music.
当然 这也为他的一些作品
Although it also, of course,
例如《田园交响曲》 招来地方主义的骂名
led to accusations of parochialism in some of his pieces like the Pastoral Symphony.
很多人都瞧不起20世纪上半叶的一批
Many people dismiss a lot of the romantic English music
英国浪漫主义音乐作品
written in the first half of the 20th century
认为那些都是放牛小调
with the unfortunate label of Cow
我们并不是很理解
we didn't quite understand?'
他会说 去听吧 你会明白的
He would say, Oh, just listen, you'll hear it,
或者 对于能听懂的人再明白不过了
or For those who can hear, I think it's clear.
不管肖斯塔科维奇用意如何
Whatever Shostakovich's intention,
《列宁格勒交响曲》都是令人震撼的
the Leningrad Symphony had an astonishing impact,
不仅仅在俄罗斯
and not just in Russia.
战事越发惨烈
As war raged on,
苏联人把乐谱拍摄在微缩胶片上
the Soviets microfilmed the score
途经德黑兰 然后用美国军舰
and sent it via Tehran and an American naval ship
送往盟友美国
to the US, their ally.
由托斯卡尼尼在纽约无线电城音乐厅指挥
It was conducted by Toscanini at Radio City in New York,
是1942年在美国六十场演出中的首演
the first of 60 performances in America in 1942.
这正是同盟国想要的公开表态
It was just the sort of public gesture the allies wanted.
这是为加利福尼亚州
This is a presentation for
沙漠空军基地的将士们进行的表演
oldiers at a desert airbase in California.
有请贵宾艾薇· 李维诺夫夫人
苏联驻美大使的夫人
我明白你们对我如此热情
I understand that you give me this wonderful welcome
是因为你们要向苏联红军中
ecause you greet the brave and gallant men and women
英勇的人民致敬
and soldiers of the Red Army in the Soviet Union.
下面有请艾德华·G·罗宾逊
'Also on hand is Edward G Robinson.'
这部作品是一名士兵写的
ow this music was written by a soldier,
一名苏联士兵
a Russian soldier,
他参加过列宁格勒保卫战
one who fought the Siege of Leningrad.
现在他仍在战斗中
And Dmitri Shostakovich is still in it.
这是每年在圣彼得堡涅夫斯基大街
This is the annual veterans parade
举行的老兵游行
along Nevsky Prospekt in St Petersburg,
人们在这里一起纪念并庆祝
when people gather to remember and celebrate
在二战中阵亡士兵的
the heroism and sacrifice
英雄主义和牺牲精神
of those who died in the Second World War.
肖斯塔科维奇在其《列宁格勒交响曲》
hostakovich's Leningrad Symphony ended, of course,
辉煌的末乐章中
with a triumphant finale
描绘了俄国人民在伟大的卫国战争中
depicting the victory of the people of Russia
所取得的胜利
in the great patriotic war.
我从未像现在这样
As at no time before,
意识到我的作品对于公众的意义
I realised the public significance of my work,
肖斯塔科维奇写道
wrote Shostakovich,
我的努力也没有白费
And my work was not in vain.
音乐为正义贡献了力量
The music helped the struggle for justice.
列宁格勒
Leningrad!
美国著名作曲家阿隆·科普兰
In the US, America's leading composer, Aaron Copland,
被《列宁格勒交响曲》的魅力所吸引
had been impressed by the mass appeal of the Leningrad Symphony,
自己也创作了一部 来庆祝盟军的胜利
and wrote a symphony of his own to celebrate the Allied victory.
《普通人的号角华彩》改编后用于
Copland's Third Symphony incorporates
科普兰《第三交响曲》的末乐章
his Fanfare For The Common Man
他受邀创作这部作品时
which had been commissioned
美国刚刚卷入这场战争
when America first became involved in the war.
这是《普通人的号角华彩》总谱的第一页
Here is the first page of Copland's Fanfare For The Common Man.
即使你不懂音乐 也看得出
Even if you can't read music you see
整页并没有太多音符
there aren't very many notes on the page at all.
而吸引我的地方正是这种对比
And the thing that I love about it is this real juxtaposition,
虽然音符不多
kind of magic, between the austerity on the one hand
但音乐却如施了魔法般宏伟壮观
and the magnificence of the music.
为什么起《普通人的号角华彩》这个名字
Why the title? Why Fanfare For The Common Man?
《普通人的号角华彩》
充分反映了他的平等主义思想
他深知正是那些普通的士兵
将去承载战争所赋予的责任
这是科普兰1960年
This is the house outside New York
在纽约郊外买的住所
that Copland bought in 1960
在这里他度过了人生中最后三十年
and where he spent the last 30 years of his life.
他是个很俭朴的人
He was a man who lived very frugally
一生大部分的时间
and he spent much of his life
都是在纽约市里搬来搬去
moving from apartment to apartment back in the big city.
但他也喜爱这里的安宁
ut he was also someone who appreciated the serenity,
与世隔绝以及和大自然的亲密接触
isolation and closeness to nature that he found here.
这套房子很舒适
As comfortable as this house is,
却朴素平凡
it's very unassuming and unpretentious.
它完全不会惹人注意
It's completely unostentatious.
包含了现代主义元素
It has certain modernist touches,
朴素 简洁 实用
kind of frugal, simple, practical.
他的办公桌居于一边
We have his work desk off to the side which is just
桌子是当地农民用谷仓木做成的
wide plank barn wood made by a local farmer.
那就是科普兰工作的地方
And that's where Copland worked.
他一向追求简洁与实用
He was looking for simplicity and practicality
我想这就是他要的
and I think this was it.
科普兰《第三交响曲》成为
Copland's Third Symphony has become
在美国演出最多的交响作品
the most performed of all American symphonies.
可能因为它与《阿巴拉契亚的春天》和
erhaps because, like his ballets Appalachian Spring
《牧区竞技》一样
and Rodeo,
都富有浓厚的美国风情
it has a distinctly American sound.
这是科普兰发自内心想要的东西
20世纪20年代中期
他意识到美国音乐
when he felt that there was no such thing
并没有自己鲜明的风格
as a recognisably American musical idiom.
他的音乐思维是开放而犀利的
There is something very open and spare about his textures.
他谱写的和弦有一种气势
His chords seem to have a lot of air in them
能表现出
which does convey
美国的幅源辽阔
omething of the size and scope of the country.
我常常认为末乐章
I often feel that last movement
不仅是形容大地的
is really about not just the landscape,
而是更强调大地上的建设
ut what you build on the landscape.
就像是建设一座前沿都市
It's like building a frontier town.
就如同《西部往事》一样
Like Once Upon A Time In The West.
你在大地上创造的东西才是最重要的
It's what you build on the landscape that matters.
这也是关乎民主的
And it's also about democracy,
德沃夏克很早就提出
it's the old Dvorak idea
要把交响乐大众化
of bringing the symphony to the common man.
把如此粗犷的《普通人的号角华彩》
o it's not for nothing that this Fanfare,
融入末乐章
which has this ruggedness about it,
不是没有意义的
hould be built into the last movement.
他用艺术表现平等主义思想
He translated this notion of egalitarianism into his art
一方面用大众化的音乐
y consciously trying to reach a wider audience
吸收更广泛的观众
with works that might be more popular on the one hand,
使其易于接受
more accessible on the one hand,
另一方面
ut on the other would still allow him
又使其不失艺术性
to do the kinds of things he wanted to do artistically.
这是在圣彼得堡胜利广场前
This is the monument to the Defenders of Leningrad
为列宁格勒保卫战士兵立的纪念碑
in Victory Square in St Petersburg.
当然 在苏联
Of course, it was in Soviet Russia
交响乐的一大重要职责 便是用来宣扬胜利
that a big victory symphony was expected, indeed required.
人们翘首以待肖斯塔科维奇的
Many people awaited Shostakovich's
《第九交响曲》
inth Symphony with eager anticipation
在他们的脑海中 贝多芬《第九交响曲》
and with the fearsome precedent of Beethoven's 9th
是无法超越的
in their minds
他们一定在期待
they must have been looking for something
另一部旷世之作
equally ground-breaking and heroic.
但肖斯塔科维奇《第九交响曲》
ut Shostakovich's Ninth Symphony
完全不是官方想要的那种作品
wasn't what the authorities wanted at all.
我想这也是肖斯塔科维奇性格中的一部分
It was part of Shostakovich's personality, I get the feeling,
他觉得自己在人们面前是个小丑
that he was a clown for his people.
或者认为是自己为人们打开了真理大门
Or that he was the person who could open up truths
就像《李尔王》中的愚人
like the fool in King Lear.
他觉得自己
That he saw himself in a way,
一边哭泣 一边说笑
crying and joking at the same time.
巴松管比其它乐器
ow the bassoon is the instrument, better than any other,
更能表现这种讽刺与悲怅
that can express satire and pathos.
这是任何一种管乐器都无法比拟的
o other wind instrument particularly has the ability to change so quickly.
我无法断定这代表什么
可我知道这是哀嚎 是痛哭
当一切言语皆已耗尽
And when this has been exhausted and said,
乐声中止了一段时间
there is a moment of suspension
随后突然间进入末乐章
and we suddenly start the last movement.
这是完全不同的意境
It's in a completely different mood,
完全不同的速度
in a completely different tempo,
好像在说
as if to say,
我只是在开玩笑 事实上一切都好
I was only joking. Actually, everything's fine!
巴松管讽刺的小调
And the sardonic, ironic character of the bassoon little tune,
感觉十分轻佻
which seems so trivial and
好像让我们忘却之前的悲怅
o like trying to banish all the tragedy that we've just shared,
这手法太棒了
is very remarkable.
显然 这与贝多芬《第九交响曲》
And of course it's nothing like
末乐章的宏伟壮观完全不同
the spectacular, grandiose finale of Beethoven's Ninth.
他作出了伟大的尝试 即回归海顿的风格
He did something quite different which was to really go back to Haydn.
表面上看起来轻松愉悦
He wanted to write something that is seemingly light-hearted,
实际上却是非常悲伤的
ut really very tragic underneath.
那他想向观众和官方传达什么呢
And what was he trying to say both to his audience and the authorities?
我想从某种意义上讲
I think it's in a way a goodbye
他是在告别德国伟大的交响乐传统
to the great musical symphonic tradition in Germany
那个时代已经终结了
and the feeling that this has now come to an end.
二战结束后
At the end of the Second World War,
德国 曾经的交响乐圣地
Germany, the country which had seen itself as the guardian of the symphonic tradition,
现在却一片废墟
was in ruins.
而肖斯塔科维奇
And here was Shostakovich
正以讽刺的眼光同它告别
looking back at it in a sardonic farewell.
这场战争似乎是最后一个
Certainly the war is virtually the last event
需要用交响乐去演绎的事件
that seems to have demanded a symphonic response.
就在这里 古老的维也纳城
It was here, in the heart of the old imperial city of Vienna,
诞生了辉煌的交响乐
that the notion of a cycle of symphonies,
《第九交响曲》便是典范之作
often ending with that fateful number 9, was born.
但二战之后的维也纳 像柏林一样
ut after the Second World War, Vienna, like Berlin,
被划分成四个军事占领区
was divided into four zones of military occupation.
这是位于苏联红军占领区的纪念碑
This is the memorial in the city to the Red Army
这也可能预示着
and this perhaps foreshadows
之后音乐的民主化
the subsequent democratisation of music
及其多元化的发展趋势
and its diversification into many new forms.
在过去的250年
Over 250 years,
我们见证了这段非凡的旅程
we've made an incredible journey,
从宫廷中的一小部分乐师
from small groups of musicians in the palaces of princes
到如今声势浩大的交响乐团
to orchestras more than 100 strong,
作品既有表达个人情感的 也有公共宣言
through works that are both personal and public.
交响乐对于音乐的意义就像
And the symphony has become to music
莎士比亚对于文学的意义
what Shakespeare is to literature,
是一种文化的丰碑
a cultural monument
在新的观念中不断前进
that is continually redeveloped through new interpretations.
时至今日 它仍能使我感到愉悦
It still has the power to enchant,
挑战 和感动
challenge, move me,
在二十一世纪
and, in the 21st century,
它将会影响更广阔的观众
a larger and wider audience than ever before.
想要进一步了解交响乐
To go deeper into the music
并解开其中的奥秘
and unravel the secrets of the symphony,
《交响乐的故事》影评(十):第四章 Revolution.and.Rebirth
1876年的维也纳
Vienna 1876.
这里曾是一片建筑工地
The place was a building site.
也是帝国与交响乐的中心
The hub of an empire and the symphony.
弗朗茨·约瑟夫国王
The Emperor Franz Joseph
决定拆除当时的城墙
had decided the city walls should come down
取而代之的是一条豪华的城市大道
to be replaced by a prestigious urban boulevard,
环城大道[又名戒指路]
The Ringstrasse.
另外一枚戒指 瓦格纳的大型歌剧
Another Ring, Wagner's massive music drama
《女武神的骑行》
with its Ride of the Valkyries,
也同时开始进行创作
was being created at the same time.
这是两个里程碑般的时刻
Two ground
而两枚戒指都花费了近三十年才完成
and both Rings took about 30 years to construct.
奥地利作家卡尔·克劳斯曾说道
The Austrian writer Karl Kraus said,
维也纳被活生生地打造成了大都市
Vienna was being demolished into a great city.
古典式的议会大厦
With a classical Parliament building,
雅典娜肃立在前
Athena presiding at the front,
哥特式的市政厅 文艺复兴式的大学
a Gothic style town hall, and a Renaissance
但在这些建筑出现之前
ut constructed before any of these,
最壮观的实属1868年建成的歌剧院
in 1868, was the Opera House.
音乐在维也纳人心中
Music remained of course
仍是永不改变的爱好
an abiding interest for the Viennese public
当时舆论滔天
and at the time debate was fierce
人人都争论新音乐应该是具象还是抽象
about whether new music should be descriptive or abstract
这就是瓦格纳与勃拉姆斯之争
Wagner versus Brahms.
交响乐被推上了风口浪尖
The symphony was at the centre of this controversy.
这期节目中将会讲述 交响乐如何取得胜利
In this programme we'll see how it emerged triumphant.
如何表现民族乐派激荡的情怀
How it became a vehicle for nationalist sentiment
并真正地为大众所接受
and gained genuine popular appeal.
如何表现艺术家心中最强烈的情感
And how it became the means of intense artistic self expression.
我们也将看到德沃夏克 柴可夫斯基
We'll also see how composers like Dvorak, Tchaikovsky
以及西贝柳斯等人来到维也纳
and Sibelius came to the expanding city of Vienna
并将交响乐带入新的国家和新的世界
and exported the symphony to new nations and new worlds.
为什么这部关于交响乐的纪录片
Why does a film about the symphony
要以歌剧开场
tart with an opera,
尤其是瓦格纳创作的歌剧
and in particular an opera by Wagner,
他曾断言道 交响乐已死
who once declared emphatically that the symphony was dead?
问题在于 贝多芬去世后 交响乐将何去何从
The problem was how to follow a composer like Beethoven,
他于1842年创作的《第九交响曲》
who in his 9th Symphony in 1824
其末乐章所采用的合唱形式
eemed to have taken the classical four
似乎已将交响乐推向极致
as far as it could go with its ground
后人的尝试皆无突破
Despite the attempts of his successors,
贝多芬是否代表了交响乐的绝响呢
was Beethoven the final word in symphonic writing?
理查德·瓦格纳显然就是这样认为的
Richard Wagner certainly thought so,
当他第一次在拜罗伊特的特制剧院
and when he held the first performance of The Ring,
为《指环》这一部宏大的歌剧
his massive music drama
举行公演时
at his specially
他选用了贝多芬的《第九交响曲》作为开场
he began it with Beethoven's 9th,
仿佛宣告道
as if to say
告别贝多芬吧 我的时代来临了
Roll over Beethoven, now it's my turn.
瓦格纳的四联歌剧《指环》 连演四晚
Wagner's Ring is a cycle of four operas over four evenings.
长达15小时
15 hours of music
讲述着人性从始到终的故事
telling the story of humanity from dawn to dusk.
1876年的首演不仅是音乐的盛会
The premiere in 1876 wasn't just a musical event,
更是一起政治事件
ut a political event,
参与者包括欧洲各皇室成员
attended by crowned heads of Europe.
权极一时者都参与其中
Everybody who was anybody was there.
面对《指环》的流行之势
ut all the drama over The Ring
终有一人为交响乐挺身而出
made someone want to stand up for the symphony.
比瓦格纳年轻20岁的约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯
Johannes Brahms, 20 years Wagner's junior,
已准备好为纯粹的交响乐而战
was a classicist who was ready to fight for pure symphonic music.
这场战争的交锋之处
The arena for this particular contest
在维也纳的新音乐厅 金色大厅
was Vienna's new concert hall, the Musikverein.
建筑地由国王弗兰茨·约瑟夫划定捐献
The land was donated by the Emperor Franz Joseph.
在奥地利皇家音乐之友协会的监督下完工
It was built by the Gesellshaft der Musik Freunde,
于1870年正式对外营业
the Society of Friends of Music, and opened in 1870.
勃拉姆斯来自德国北部城市汉堡
rahms was from Hamburg in northern Germany,
成长于一个新教路德派家庭
rought up in the protestant Lutheran tradition,
但他并非一位虔诚的信徒
although he didn't stay a believer.
他的第一部交响乐花了整整14年的时间
He'd been working on his first symphony for 14 years,
那段时间他一直待在维也纳
all the time he'd been in Vienna.
勃拉姆斯早就声称
rahms had already made it clear that
继贝多芬的《第九交响曲》后再出新作并非易事
writing a symphony after Beethoven's 9th was no joke.
他说 你完全不知道
You've no idea, he said,
能够追随贝多芬等人的脚步是多么荣幸
How it feels to hear behind you the tramp of a giant like Beethoven.
尽管这时他已年过四十
Although he was over 40 at this stage
却仍安然有度 不慌不忙
and had certainly taken his time,
瓦格纳的《指环》造成的轰动
the fuss over Wagner's Ring
更使他下定决心
had made him determined to finish
完成要在1876年进行首演的交响曲
the symphony ready for a premiere in 1876.
在德国进行首演之后
After initial performances in Germany,
勃拉姆斯于同年的12月17日
rahms himself conducted his 1st symphony here
在金色大厅指挥了这部交响曲的演奏
at the Musikverein on 17th December of that year
作为对贝多芬诞辰的庆祝
as part of celebrations for Beethoven's birthday.
音乐厅里人头攒动 但参与者
The hall was packed, but not with the heads of state,
却并非如瓦格纳在拜罗伊特首演时的名流
who went to Wagner's premiere in Bayreuth.
厅内装饰豪华
The decor may be opulent,
但金色大厅却不是贵族王室的产物
ut the Musikverein wasn't built for the aristocracy,
而是为维也纳的中产阶级所建
ut for the Viennese middle
当音乐厅建成对外开放时
When the hall was opened,
这是维也纳的第一座音乐厅
it was the first concert hall in Vienna,
一座货真价实 宏伟华丽的音乐厅
real, definite great concert hall.
在这里 每一部新作都会广受追捧
And every new work was welcomed highly.
观众们都乐意听到当代的音乐
The audience was very much interested in hearing contemporary music
因为在那时 只有新奇才算有趣
ecause at that time the only interesting things were new things.
勃拉姆斯的新交响曲
rahms' new symphony
是为现代的交响乐团而写
was written for what is now the modern symphony orchestra.
担任本片音乐演奏的
The music for this programme
是BBC交响乐团 由马克·埃尔德指挥
is played by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Mark Elder.
当他开始创作自己最宏大的作品时
y the time he started writing his greatest pieces,
勃拉姆斯已经掌握了贝多芬的精华
rahms had mastered the legacy of Beethoven
并且将其转变为
and turned it into something
比贝多芬音乐更为宏大的篇章
even more muscular than Beethoven's music.
他意识到 伟大的交响乐作品
ut he had the vision of how great symphonic masterpieces
可以使听众达到情感的巅峰
could aim at the highest emotional planes.
每一位伟大的交响乐作曲家
Every great symphonic writer
都会在其作品中 将观众带上情感的旅程
takes an audience on an emotional narrative journey through the piece.
在我看来 这是定义伟大交响曲的方法之一
For me, that's one of the definitions of a great symphony.
圆号象征着浪漫的力量
The French horn ,such a symbol of romantic energy,
同时也带有英雄般的气概
has an heroic feel to it as well.
这可能就是
And this is something that
勃拉姆斯从贝多芬身上继承来的气息
ossibly Brahms could have taken from Beethoven.
但在圆号的声音下 弦乐微微伴奏
ut underneath it, the strings shimmer
而这就是他不同于贝多芬的地方
and that's something I think that Beethoven wouldn't have done in that same way.
那种自然的气息扑面而来
That sense of contacting nature,
就好像浪漫主义画家
just like the romantic paintings
卡斯帕·大卫·弗里德里希的作品
of Caspar David Friedrich,
栩栩如生 悦耳动听 让人难以忘怀
is very vivid, memorable, and superbly well done.
随即这股自然之风
That contact with nature is then
突然被长号的合奏打断
urprisingly interrupted by a chorale on the trombones
这样的新教...
and this protestant,
也可能是路德派赞美诗形式
erhaps Lutheran chorale,
反映了勃拉姆斯的音乐记忆
recalling Brahms' musical past,
也可能反映了他童年的记忆
ut also perhaps his own childhood,
令人心神安宁
calms the soul.
从这种静默的感觉之中
And from that sense of stillness
最后一个乐章的主旋律出现了
ings the last movement's main tune.
主旋律是C大调的 最基本的调性
ow this tune in C major, the primary key,
令人回想起贝多芬《第九交响曲》末乐章中
has a whiff of the great tune of the last movement of Beethoven's choral symphony
《欢乐颂》出现时的气息
that introduces the Ode to Joy.
每当有人跟勃拉姆斯谈起这点的时候
And when somebody pointed that out to Brahms he said,
他就会说 随便一个蠢蛋都能听得出来
Oh, any silly ass can see that!
勃拉姆斯的作品获得了巨大的成功
rahms' symphony was a great success
乐评人的力推 使得民众的热情更为高涨
and the enthusiasm was further promoted by music critics.
其中的关键人物就是爱德华·汉斯力克
The most important was Edward Hanslick,
他煽起了勃拉姆斯与瓦格纳之争
who also fanned the flames of the Brahms/Wagner debate.
维也纳乐评界的兴起也是一个重大事件
The rise of the critic here in Vienna was very important.
这放在今天是无法想象的
It's inconceivable now, I think,
汉斯力克撰写的长篇乐评
to think of a major critic like Hanslick writing a long article
出现在《新自由报》的头版上
on the front page of the Neue Freie Presse,
这张报纸同《泰晤士报》的地位相当
which is the equivalent of the London Times,
第二三版上依然是这篇乐评
going on to page two and page three,
介绍勃拉姆斯《第一交响曲》
about the first performance
在维也纳首演的盛况
in Vienna of Brahms' 1st Symphony.
事实便是如此 人们早上一边享用早餐
Which he did. And people would read that at breakfast
一边看着国际新闻边上的乐评
alongside international news on the front page of the paper.
在他的头版文章中
In his front page article,
此前此文并未译成英文
which surprisingly hasn't been translated into English before,
汉斯力克写道 无论是敌是友
Hanslick wrote It must be recognised by
都必须认识到 任何一个作曲家
friend and foe alike, that no other composer
都没能像勃拉姆斯在其交响曲的结尾处
has come as close to the greatest creations of Beethoven
那样接近贝多芬的巨作
as Brahms has in the finale of his symphony.
当然 汉斯力克
Hanslick, of course,
是勃拉姆斯的支持者
was very much a friend of Brahms
热爱纯音乐 也是瓦格纳的反对者
and pure music and a foe of Wagner whom
他觉得瓦格纳只求表现哲理
he felt was destroying melody and form
而牺牲了音乐的旋律与形式
in favour of philosophising.
瓦格纳则认为纯粹的音乐是不存在的
Wagner's argument was that music is not pure.
音乐可以影射政治
One can use music politically
也可以从美学的观点上
as well as aesthetically to raise all
提出社会上各种各样的问题
orts of questions about society,
譬如音乐如何影响人们的心理
about people's psychology, what music does to them,
音乐如何在这有限的空间内 影响观众的情绪
what music can have an effect on an audience in this space.
只需想象一下《诸神的黄昏》
Just imagine the Gotterdammerung music
在这里奏响 同古典风格的内饰形成反差
ounding in this space against all these classical things.
重点是 要用音乐传达一种想法
ut the idea is to convey ideas with the music
而瓦格纳就是一名充满想法的作曲家
and Wagner is a composer of ideas.
1875年 瓦格纳在金色大厅
In 1875, Wagner himself had conducted
指挥演奏了《指环》的节选部分
excerpts from The Ring here in the Musikverein
以便为拜罗伊特的首演做好充分准备
to build up an appetite for the premiere at Bayreuth.
马克·埃尔德提出一个颇有争议的看法
Mark Elder is demonstrating,perhaps controversially,
即瓦格纳在创作神话歌剧时
that while Wagner was writing mythological music dramas for the opera house,
采用的也是交响乐的创作手段
he was also composing symphonically.
在我看来
In my view,
瓦格纳是最伟大的交响乐作曲家之一
Wagner was one of the greatest symphonic composers,
他创作了很多
y that I mean he invented a number,
旋律和主题
a large number of little themes,
来对应每一个人物
motifs associated with the characters,
动作 事件 地点 布景
the actions, the events, even places, objects.
他精心撰写歌剧 巧妙用语
And he wrote the opera, he set his words,
并将其融合于精巧的管弦乐织体之中
accompanied them with this enormously elaborate orchestral texture.
你能举个例子吗
Can you give me an example of a theme he might use?
可以 我们就齐格弗里德和布伦希尔德来说
Yes, let's look at Siegfried and Brunhilde,
本剧的男女主角
the heroine and the hero.
人物第一次出场时
When we first see them,
代表他们的音乐十分不同
their music is very, very different
每一个人物的所属旋律都清晰明了
and it's quite clear which pieces belongs to which character.
这是代表布伦希尔德的
Here's one for Brunhilde...
温柔且充满爱意
Tender, loving, affectionate, gentle,
较大的音程表现出强烈的情感
ig intervals expressing big emotions
但力度很轻
ut in a small dynamic.
现在他需要的
ow another one that he needs,
是表现男主角齐格弗里德的形象
of course, is to portray his hero Siegfried.
仔细听好
Listen to this...
总体来说节奏强烈 充满阳刚之气
All together grander, heroic, masculine in its strong rhythm
并且表意明确
and its clear cut idea.
这一旋律尽管短小
That little tune, short as it is,
在他们之后互诉衷肠
can then later on appear even shorter
讲述彼此如何坠入爱河时
when she speaks of their love,
会更加短小昂扬
the things that draw them together
他依照情景将其改编
and he changes it to suit the occasion.
这个人物主题旋律的发展过程
ow this process of developing the characters of the themes
我称之为和音过程
is what I would call the symphonic process
他一直在研究这个
that he was engaged in.
当他完成《尼伯龙根的指环》后
And by the time he'd finished the Ring
已经能熟练应用这种机制了
he'd got the full flow of it
他对于使用短小的主题旋律
and his attitude towards how he used these little themes
和乐思表现剧情的态度
and musical ideas to suit the drama,
变得很松散 很自由
ecame really loose became very free
有时我们会疑惑
and sometime we can't quite understand
为什么那个音乐构思
why that particular little musical idea
会存在于这样华丽的篇幅中
is embedded in the jewellery of the texture.
他的旋律已经不受故事情节约束了吗
o he released the themes from the story?
有点... 是这样的
A bit, yes he did.
这样可以谱写出更华美的交响乐
In order to draw out gorgeous symphonic music,
将主题旋律层层构建 成为一部杰作
to build up the themes into great architectural masses of sound.
确实非常好听
I mean really beautiful.
现在很难领会
It's hard to appreciate now,
当时欧洲的音乐思想分歧有多大
just how divided musical opinion across Europe was
两大阵营之间的观点冲突有多激烈
and how polarised it became between two warring camps.
瓦格纳不仅有乐迷 还有信徒
Wagner didn't just have fans, he had worshippers.
其中最重要的一位
One of the most important
是名年轻的管风琴手兼作曲家
was a young organist and composer
安东·布鲁克纳
called Anton Bruckner.
布鲁克纳是个乡村男孩 出生于林茨附近
ruckner was a provincial boy, born near Linz.
他曾是唱诗班少年 后任管风琴师
He became a choirboy and organist
就职于圣弗洛里安的奥古斯丁修道院
in the Augustinian monastery of St Florian.
他是虔诚的天主教徒
He was a very devout Catholic.
马勒形容他是半傻半神
Mahler described him as half simpleton, half God.
他的《第三交响曲》是献给瓦格纳的
His 3rd Symphony was dedicated to Wagner
并于1877年12月 在金色大厅首演
and premiered here in the Musikverein in December 1877,
仅比勃拉姆斯的《第一交响曲》晚一年
just one year after Brahms' 1st.
瓦格纳的影响是不可忽视的
The effect of Wagner is huge,
并不是说布鲁克纳的音乐听起来像瓦格纳的作品
ot that Bruckner's music sounds like Wagner
一点都不像
it doesn't.
他在和声方面的运用更为大胆
It's much more bold harmonically,
但瓦格纳教会了他
ut Wagner showed him
如何组织音程跨度很大的乐曲
how you can organise huge spaces of music.
如何运用和声与表现力
How you could use harmony and expressiveness
去填补音乐中巨大的时间跨度
to fill out large spaces of time in music.
这是前所未有的
It hadn't been done before.
他的交响乐 就像一块块巨石
His symphonies were built with huge blocks of stone,
逐渐构建成一座大教堂
gradually being built up like a cathedral,
而不仅是教区教堂
ot a parish church.
当然 对大众来说
And of course for many people,
这种音乐让他们离上帝更近了
that music takes them closer to their God.
他作为人所拥有的最伟大的精神维度
The great spiritual dimension that he as a man had
就反映在了这些宏伟的音乐建筑上
is reflected in these enormous edifices, musically.
布鲁克纳的《第三交响曲》
The scale of Bruckner 3
长达一个多小时
it lasts for well over an hour
也折射出了维也纳的城市扩张
is reflected in the urban expansion of Vienna itself.
从1860年到1900年这座城市扩大了一倍
etween 1860 and 1900 the city trebled in size
居民数从50万人增至150万人
from half a million to 1.5 million inhabitants.
交响曲更多地反映出对未来的恐惧感
The symphonies reflected more the fears of what was going on
而非胜利感
rather than the triumph,
我想 这也是为什么 布鲁克纳的交响乐
which is why, I think, Bruckner symphonies
很长时间后才在维也纳立足
took a long time to get a foothold in Vienna.
勃拉姆斯把布鲁克纳的交响乐
rahms had described the typical Bruckner symphonies
比作一条巨大的蟒蛇
like a massive boa constrictor
在这里
and the concert,
金色大厅 举行的那场音乐会
here at the Musikverein,
简直糟透了
was a disaster
音乐会还没完 大批大批的观众就离开了
with much of the audience walking out before the end.
布鲁克纳虽显古怪 却意义重大的交响曲
ruckner's eccentric, monumental symphonies
最终还是被维也纳接受了
were eventually accepted in Vienna, of course,
但布鲁克纳和马勒
ut both Bruckner and Mahler
直到二十世纪六七十年代
didn't really enter the international repertoire
才为国际听众所熟知
until the 1960s and '70s.
他们的作品 篇幅很长
Their symphonies are long,
创意独特 充满雄心 也蕴含焦虑
ground
正如作曲家们居住的这座城市
Like the city in which the composers lived.
这是弗朗茨·约瑟夫
This is Franz Joseph,
被雕塑成了凯撒的样子
depicted as Caesar
矗立在维也纳议会大厦前
on the front of the Parliament building in Vienna.
弗朗茨·约瑟夫的哈布斯堡王朝帝国
Franz Joseph ruled over 17 distinct nationalities
治下有17个不同的民族
within the Hapsburg Empire.
但很多民族并不愿意
ut many of these weren't that happy about being included
成为这个大熔炉中的一部分
in such a vast conglomerate
并于1848年起义
and rose up in revolt in 1848.
在这段动乱之后
It was after this difficult time
年仅18岁的弗朗茨·约瑟夫 登上了王位
that Franz Joseph, then only 18, was placed on the throne
开始了他长达68年的统治
and began his long reign of 68 years.
但是来自诸民族的压力并未减弱
ut nationalist pressure wouldn't go away
由于许多要求未能满足
- many demands went un-met
民族仇恨加深
and nationalist resentment intensified,
尤其在波西米亚
articularly in Bohemia.
一年前 1880年莱比锡的一家报纸写道
A year ago, wrote a Leipzig newspaper in 1880,
德国音乐界中传言
ews flashed across the German music world
布拉格有位奇才
Of a miraculous talent residing in Prague.
日益尖锐的民族关系
What heightens the charm of Dvorak's compositions
给德沃夏克作品的增添了许多魅力
Is the sharply etched nationality that accompanies them.
无论是在交响乐的世界 还是在政坛
In the symphonic world, as in the political arena,
民族情感都在逐渐成为一股强大的力量
ationalism was becoming a potent force.
德沃夏克的父亲是一名屠夫
Dvorak's father was a butcher,
在当地还经营了一家旅店
ut he also ran the local inn.
因此这个男孩
o the boy must have grown up
一定是在欢乐的歌舞声中长大的
with the sounds of celebratory singing and dancing.
他的《第六交响曲》是写给维也纳爱乐乐团的
His Sixth Symphony was written for the Vienna Philharmonic,
但实际上它是于1881年在这里 布拉格
ut in fact it was premiered here in Prague
进行首演的
in 1881.
维也纳爱乐乐团直到1942年
The Vienna Philharmonic didn't get around to playing it
才演奏了这部作品
until 1942.
德沃夏克以勃拉姆斯的交响曲为典范
Dvorak used Brahms' symphonies as his model,
但他并未采用典型的诙谐曲和间奏曲形式
ut instead of the typical scherzo or intermezzo movement,
而是选用了富瑞安舞曲
he wrote a furiant,
一种波西米亚民间舞曲
a Bohemian folkdance
这使他独树一帜
that became his distinctive calling card.
富瑞安舞曲的特点是其节奏
What gives the furiant its bounce is the way it shifts
在两拍子和三拍子间来回转换
etween two
eat and three
eat rhythms,
这源于该舞蹈的本质
which stems from the nature of the dance.
这个男人是在展示他的男子气概
The man here is performing his masculinity
他充分利用这种四二拍的节奏
and he takes advantage of this 2/4 measure
来展现自己多么强壮
to show how he is strong,
多么骄傲
how he is proud,
多么聪明
how he is clever.
这样的四三拍节奏
And it's always during this 3/4 measure
通常是用在双人舞上
that it's the dancing in the couple
或者女子跳的舞蹈
and about the dancing of the woman also.
德沃夏克深谙这种舞蹈的本质
Dvorak understood very well the nature of the dance,
及其所要表现的精神
what was the spirit of the dance,
在我看来 在这方面他把握得很准确
o I think, in this way, he was very accurate.
我注意到这支舞有些慢
I notice that the dance was a bit slower.
德沃夏克把节奏加快了很多 是吗
Dvorak speeded it up quite a lot, didn't he?
的确 因为他想表现精湛的技艺
Yes, because it was virtuosity that he wanted to show.
但他的曲子并不适合跳舞
ut it was not written for a dance.
所以你要是想跟着跳舞
o when you need to dance
就得把音乐的节拍放慢
the music has to be slower.
为什么他的交响曲中要加入这个舞蹈呢
Why did he include this dance in this symphony?
因为这其中包含着民族情感
ecause it had the meaning of the national feeling,
我认为 对他们来说
o I think this was important for them
在音乐中显示民族特征 是非常重要的
to show the national identity in the music.
德沃夏克所做的正是把交响乐
What Dvorak is trying to do is to take the symphony
从上流社会推广给更多普通听众
away from the elite audience to a much wider audience.
正因如此 他是一位极富现代性的作曲家
And, in this, he is a very modern composer
虽然如今大家并不这样认为
although he's not regarded as that today.
这里是维索卡山
This is Vysoka,
位于布拉格西南60公里的地方
60km southwest of Prague,
德沃夏克在此有一间避暑小屋
where Dvorak had a summerhouse.
为了作曲 夏天他会在这住几个月
He came here during the summer months to compose,
躲避城市的压力与喧嚣
to escape the pressures of a busy life in the city.
这座房子一直为德沃夏克家族所有
The house remains in the Dvorak family
基本保持着德沃夏克于1904年去世时的原状
and has been left very much as it was when Dvorak died in 1904.
这是我的祖母 德沃夏克的妻子
This is my grandmother, Dvorak's wife.
画于她结婚时
when she married.
那时她才十八岁
he was 18 years old in this time.
已有三个月的身孕
he was three months pregnant.
这在当时可不多见
It was unusual in this time
但事实就是这样的
ut it was the reality.
他就是在这张桌子上作曲的吗
This desk, is this where he wrote?
就在这张小桌前
itting at this little table,
德沃夏克写出了很多伟大的作品
Dvorak wrote many great opuses.
很袖珍 真的很小啊
没错
《第八交响曲》就是在这里写成的
The Eighth Symphony was written here in Vysoka.
这张德沃夏克的全家照很有意思
Very interesting is this picture of Dvorak's family
纽约市东街17号的台阶上
on the steps on the 17th East Street in New York.
这是我的祖父 和他的两个儿子
Here is my grandfather and here are two boys.
其中一个是我爸爸
One of these boys is my father.
你没见过祖父吗
You didn't know your grandfather?
我出生时他已去世25年了
I was born 25 years after his death.
这照片拍得很好
That's a wonderful picture.
这张是德沃夏克坐在长凳上
This picture is Dvorak sitting on a bench
喂鸽子
and feeding his pigeons here.
是这儿吗 就在那边
Is that here? Here. It's down there.
对 对 就在这儿
Yes. Yes, this is here.
这边有很多乐谱
This has various scores on it.
手稿之类的 没错
Manuscripts and other, yes.
继勃拉姆斯因匈牙利舞曲成名后
Dvorak came to popularity through his Slavonic Dances,
德沃夏克也因斯拉夫舞曲而家喻户晓
following the success of Brahms with his Hungarian Dances.
当然 勃拉姆斯
rahms, of course,
是在模仿自己于维也纳听到的
was imitating Hungarian Gypsies
匈牙利吉普赛舞曲
he'd heard in Vienna,
但德沃夏克写出的富瑞安舞曲
ut Dvorak penned his furiants
和其他斯拉夫舞曲都富有民族情怀
and other Slavic dances with national pride.
这是家里的餐厅
This room was the dining room of the family.
最特别的是这张照片
Very special is this picture.
德沃夏克和他的两个朋友
Dvorak and his two friends
柴可夫斯基和约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯
Tchaikovsky and Johannes Brahms.
尤其是约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯
Especially Johannes Brahms
是我祖父非常要好的朋友
was a very good friend of my grandfather
但勃拉姆斯不信上帝
and Brahms don't believe in God
有一次德沃夏克说起他
and Dvorak said once about him
勃拉姆斯连上帝都不信 怎么可能
How it is possible that Brahms composed such nice music
作出如此美妙的音乐呢
when he don't believe?!
勃拉姆斯很欣赏德沃夏克的音乐
rahms admired Dvorak's music
也给了这位作曲家很大的帮助
and did a great deal to help the composer.
但是 总体来说
ut, in general,
他对维也纳的正统音乐
the attitude of the Viennese musical establishment
一向不屑一顾
was condescending if not downright dismissive.
对奥地利人来说
For the Austrians,
像柴可夫斯基和德沃夏克这样的民族作曲家
ationalist composers like Tchaikovsky and Dvorak
虽极富色彩 却有失严肃
were colourful, but not serious.
曾经有人表达了自己对德沃夏克
Once, when someone expressed his admiration for
熟练而杰出的配器才华的钦佩
Dvorak's skillful and brilliant orchestration,
布鲁克纳却说
ruckner said,
你可以给一对香肠涂上蓝色或绿色
You can paint a pair of sausages blue and green,
但它们始终还是一对香肠
ut they're still a pair of sausages.
In 1890 a young composer came from much farther afield
奔赴维也纳进行深造
to continue his studies in Vienna.
让·西贝柳斯来自芬兰
Jean Sibelius came from Finland
那是远离奥匈帝国统治的地方
way beyond the reach of the Austro
Hungarian Empire,
但维也纳却是最适合学习交响乐的地方
ut Vienna was the place properly to study the symphonic tradition.
他是瓦格纳的超级粉丝
He was a huge fan of Wagner,
也很欣赏贝多芬的《第九交响曲》
ut also admired Beethoven's Ninth and
和布鲁克纳的《第三交响曲》
ruckner's Third
这里是交响乐的天堂
and here, in this symphonic hothouse,
他当然要在这里开始交响曲的创作
it was inevitable that he should set about to write a symphony.
同德沃夏克一样
And, as with Dvorak,
他的交响曲也带有民族特色
it took on national overtones.
西贝柳斯从芬兰史诗《卡勒瓦拉》中寻找灵感
ibelius looked for inspiration to the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala.
埃利亚斯·伦洛特 他编撰了《卡勒瓦拉》
Elias Lonnrot, who compiled the Kalevala,
并于1849年出版了最终版
ublished his final version in 1849.
他奔波于卡累利亚的偏远地区
He'd travelled extensively into remote parts of Karelia
即芬俄交界之处
an area that covers parts of eastern Finland and Russia
他在那里 从农民吟游诗人中收集民歌和诗作
将其整理成
and reworked these
长达22000多行的叙事史诗
into a long rambling tale of over 22,000 verses.
其核心为吟游诗人莫依宁
With the figure of the bard Vainamoinen,
类似于芬兰的俄耳甫斯
a sort of Finnish Orpheus, at its heart,
《卡勒瓦拉》激励了一代又一代的
the Kalevala became a major inspiration
芬兰艺术家 音乐家
for artists, musicians
以及芬兰精神的倡导者
and advocates of a Finnish national identity.
这是让·西贝柳斯亲手写就的乐谱
This is the autograph score of Kullervo by Jean Sibelius.
《卡勒瓦拉》中有着浩如烟海的传奇故事
From the mass of different stories
以及无数神话人物
and mythological characters in the Kalevala,
而西贝柳斯在其合唱交响曲中着重描写了
ibelius focused on the tragic, anti
hero Kullervo
颇具悲剧色彩的反面英雄 库莱尔沃
in his choral symphony.
这是《卡勒瓦拉》乐谱中的节目单部分
Here you can see the programme text, the Kalevala, in the score.
到了
Here we go.
到了 这是第一页
Here we go, here is the first.
见到真迹总是这么令人激动
It's always so exciting.
这就是曲谱了
Music page.
《卡勒瓦拉》究竟为何能够激起
ow, why was the Kalevala so important
芬兰人的民族认同感呢
to Finnish national aspirations?
首先 这是一部芬兰语的著作
First of all because it was in Finnish
书中内容又是芬兰的民间诗歌
and it was Finnish folk poetry.
《卡勒瓦拉》的出现令芬兰人恍然大悟
It has been said that Kalevala showed to us Finns
原来这片土地远在基督教会统治时代
that Finland had its own history
瑞典统治时代和俄国统治时代之前
already before the Christian era,
便早已拥有了悠久的历史
or the Swedish or the Russian era.
在瑞典的统治下度过了六个世纪之后
After six centuries of Swedish domination,
芬兰大公国
the Grand Duchy of Finland
于1809年成为了俄罗斯帝国的附属国
ecame part of the Russian Empire in 1809
而赫尔辛基则成为了沙皇亚历山大一世
and Helsinki became something of a showcase
用来耀武扬威的展览厅
for the Russian emperor Alexander I.
赫尔辛基市中心的市政厅广场
The central Senate Square of the city
与圣彼得堡的建筑风格十分相似
is very much in the St Petersburg style.
1894年 这里树起了亚历山大二世的塑像
This statue of Alexander II was built in 1894.
芬兰人称他为英明的沙皇
He was remembered as The good tsar,
他是名改革者
a reformer.
与俄罗斯帝国的其他大多数附属国不同
Unlike most nationalities within the Russian Empire,
芬兰人拥有一定的自治权
the Finns enjoyed a degree of autonomy,
但自19世纪90年代起
ut during the 1890s,
俄国政府开始逐步限制芬兰的自治权
the Russians began to limit this
这自然激发了芬兰人民的民族独立运动
and this inevitably fuelled the Finnish nationalist movement.
西贝柳斯于1892年完成了《库莱尔沃》
With Kullervo written in 1892,
随后于1899年创作了其惊世名作
and, of course, Finlandia, his patriotic piece par excellence,
极富爱国主义色彩的《芬兰颂》
which was composed in 1899,
此时的西贝柳斯已成为芬兰的民族英雄
ibelius found himself a national,
甚至是民族主义者中的代表人物
even nationalist figure.
这幅名为《讨论会》的画 描绘了
This painting, called Symposium,
彼时芬兰画家与音乐家齐集一堂的场面
depicts a gathering of artists and musicians of the time.
画面右侧的是西贝柳斯
It shows Sibelius on the right,
他的身旁坐着罗伯特·卡亚努斯
Robert Kajanus,
是《库莱尔沃》交响诗首演时的指挥
who conducted the premiere of the Kullervo Symphony, next to him.
那位醉卧会场的是名乐评人
The figure worse for wear is a music critic,
玩世不恭 无所用心
oblivious to everything,
而画面上的第四位人物正是画家自己
and the fourth character is the artist himself,
西贝柳斯的好友
Akseli Gallen-Kallela,
阿克塞利·加伦-卡雷拉
a good friend of Sibelius.
这位画家因其以《卡勒瓦拉》为主题的画作而著名
He is famous for his Kalevala paintings
我赶往芬兰国家美术馆一睹他的其余画作
and I went to the Ateneum Gallery to find out more.
有人对《卡勒瓦拉》中各个传说
There are statistics about
为人知晓的程度进行了统计
the popularity of Kalevala stories
无论其表现形式是民族艺术 绘画
in Finnish art, and visual art
抑或其他形式
and culture in general,
多少年来 库莱尔沃的悲剧故事
and through all times, Kullervo, his very tragic story,
一直是《卡勒瓦拉》中流传最广的传说与主题
has been the most popular story and motif from Kalevala.
而库莱尔沃的故事最广为人知之时
And thinking about the times when Kullervo has been most popular
正是西贝柳斯与加伦
卡雷拉风华正茂的年代
was exactly the time of young Sibelius, young Gallen
Kallela,
即19与20世纪之交 19世纪90年代
the turn of the 19th century, 1890s.
因此这个故事之所以在当时广为流传
o there is a strong link to the times
是与芬兰民族认同感遭到打压紧密相关的
when Finnish national identity was being threatened.
西贝柳斯的《库莱尔沃》
ibelius' Kullervo Symphony
讲述了一个悲剧
tells the tragic story
库莱尔沃勾引了他邂逅的一名女子
of Kullervo seducing a woman he meets,
日后却发现 那正是他的妹妹
who he finds out later is his sister.
作曲家谱曲时选取了具有进攻色彩的铜管乐器
ut Sibelius' depiction of this, with its aggressive brass,
这震惊了19世纪的乐坛
is remarkable in 19th century music,
使得库莱尔沃的行为更像强奸 而非勾引
and makes it sound more like rape than seduction.
这就是第三乐章的高潮部分了
Here we arrive at the climax of the third movement,
达到了这一乐章中极具感染力的巅峰之处
the very powerful culmination of the movement.
是的 所有铜管乐器齐鸣
Ah, yes, all the brass here.
奏出了十分响亮的乐曲
是的
西贝柳斯创作这部交响曲的时候
ibelius arrived just at the right time
恰逢芬兰人民拼尽全力地
as the Finns were really dying
想摆脱俄罗斯帝国的魔爪
to get out from underneath the yoke
从俄国的统治与掌控中解放出来
of being dominated and run by Russia.
而这样一位极度粗犷 狂野
And there was this extraordinary rough, wild,
不羁而又捉摸不透的人在此时应运而生
undisciplined, unreliable individual.
终其漫长的一生 他逐渐领悟到
And he found, through his long life,
可以用激昂的乐曲来抒发芬兰人民内心情感
a way to express the feeling in his people
来表达自己对祖国深沉的热爱
and in his love for his country.
然而他却拒绝人们将他塑造成
ut he never wanted to be thought of
一位民族主义作曲家
as a nationalist composer,
他从未想过用作品向公众施加政治影响
he never wanted to have a political message.
他的音乐源自他的良苦用心与一丝不苟
His music came from his own rigour inside himself,
源自他的钻研精神与领悟能力
that he eventually worked at and found,
源自他匠心独运的音乐叙事方式
and through his own natural gifts of drama in music.
西贝柳斯希望自己的音乐既有民族主义色彩
ibelius wanted his music to express a nationalism,
又能在国际上声名远播
ut also be internationally well-known as well.
英格兰人和美国人都很欣赏他的作品
And he was so popular in England and America,
因为 与德国不同
ecause, unlike Germany,
这两个国家的历史传统中
these two countries also did not have
缺失了深厚而系统的音乐文化
a great institutional musical culture behind them.
几乎每个德国城市中都建有歌剧院
When you think about Germany, an opera house in every city,
都拥有自己的交响乐团或是其他音乐组织
a symphony orchestra and so forth,
但英格兰却非如此
it's not the case in England,
对美国人来说 这更是奢望
and it's certainly not the case in America.
西贝柳斯的雄心堪与贝多芬相媲美
o you have someone with Beethovenian ambitions,
他希望能在交响乐中 于德国传统之外
trying to establish something meaningful in the symphony
开辟出一片新的领域
that is an alternative to the German tradition.
In 1907, Gustav Mahler came to Helsinki
为一场音乐会担任指挥
to conduct a concert,
他在这里会见了画家加伦-卡雷拉
and he met the painter Gallen
Kallela,
他们相识于一场在维也纳举办的展览会
whom he knew from an exhibition in Vienna,
通过他 马勒结识了西贝柳斯
and he met Sibelius.
某天散步时
Taking a walk one day,
两位作曲家探讨了交响乐这种形式
the two composers discussed symphonic form.
西贝柳斯说他崇尚其严整而富有逻辑的构架
ibelius said that he admired the severity and logic of the form
正是这一点 串联起了曲中的各个乐旨
that created inner connections between the motifs.
马勒却不敢苟同
Mahler replied that his opinion was very different.
他说 交响乐应如大千世界一般
A symphony should be like the world, He said.
它理应包罗万象
It should embrace everything.
我现在身处维也纳的分离派会馆
This is the Secession building in Vienna,
它是青年风格这一艺术运动中
one of the finest examples of an artistic movement
诞生的最杰出的作品之一
known as jugendstil, the Young Style.
图上的古斯塔夫·马勒被描绘成
And here is Gustav Mahler
英气逼人的骑士 身披锃光瓦亮的盔甲
as a heroic knight in shining armour,
其作者便是他的好友古斯塔夫·克里姆特
ainted by his friend Gustav Klimt.
它以绘画的形式 展现了瓦格纳眼中的
This frieze, which pictures Beethoven's 9th Symphony
贝多芬《第九交响曲》
as seen through Wagner's eyes,
这些壁画是为1902年的贝多芬展而作
was painted for a great Beethoven exhibition in 1902
马勒在这届展会上
at which Mahler conducted
为《第九交响曲》的改编版担任了指挥
an arrangement of the 9th Symphony.
马勒在创作《第三交响曲》时
Mahler's 3rd symphony picks up on the idea
受到了贝多芬所作《欢乐颂》的启发
of Beethoven's Ode to Joy.
然而 在老调重提的同时
ut as well as harking back to that,
这首乐曲势不可挡地将交响乐引向了新世界
it looks out with ferocious energy onto a new world.
克里姆特与马勒一样
Klimt's vision, like Mahler's,
善于从私人化的角度进行创作
is a very personal one.
第一张壁画表现的是英雄人物的雄心壮志
The first wall represents heroic ambition.
马勒是其中的人物之一
Featuring Mahler, of course.
第二张壁画表现的则是
The second wall represents the obstacles
人类需要克服的障碍
that mankind has to overcome,
包括我们的动物本能
including animal instincts.
而最后一部分壁画
And the final section,
以席勒的抒情诗《欢乐颂》为蓝本
taking its cue from Schiller's lyrics in the Ode to Joy,
展现了对整个世界的热爱
hows the kiss to the whole world
这也是贝多芬《第九交响曲》结尾的主旨
that comes at the end of Beethoven's 9th.
马勒的《第三交响曲》
Mahler's 3rd is a symphony
几近颠覆了交响乐的构架
that pushed the form to its limits.
它包含六个乐章 时长近100分钟
It has six movements and at nearly 100 minutes in length,
是耗时最长的交响曲之一
it's one of the longest symphonies in the repertoire.
第一乐章展现的是自然界不可抗拒的神力
The first movement represents the unstoppable forces of nature.
正值盛夏 周遭生意盎然 生机勃勃
ummer is the victor amidst all that is blooming and growing.
乐曲充分表达了造物的神圣
It's about the holy of creation.
马勒细数天地间的花草 动物
Mahler moves on to flowers, animals,
人类 直至天使
mankind and the angels.
当然 他所描绘的只是自己内心的感受
ut, of course, it's really about Mahler himself.
弗洛伊德的理论当时在维也纳很流行
This, after all, is the Vienna of Freud
交响乐可以表现作曲家的内心世界
and the symphony has become a vehicle for self expression
也可描绘其对周遭世界的看法
as well as a picture of the artist's vision of the world around him.
马勒因自己有机会去开发
Mahler was fascinated at the opportunity
管弦乐团的潜力而欣喜若狂
of stretching the orchestra,
他让管弦乐团作出的改变是无人胆敢尝试的
making it do things that no one else had dared go to.
他热衷于在乐曲中 加入各种极端化的声音
And his interest in these very, very extreme sound worlds
这要归因于他异常丰富而复杂的个性
came from everything that he was, a very complex personality.
他放弃了犹太教的信仰 转信基督教
A man who gave up his Jewish faith to become a Christian,
以便在维也纳立足 进而管理歌剧院
to help himself do better in Vienna and run the opera.
他成长于一个小山村
A man who was brought up in a tiny village,
位于偏僻的乡下
way out in the countryside
村中还驻扎着大批士兵
that had a very substantial barracks in it.
因此 他的童年充斥着军队的进行曲
And so his childhood was full of military marching music
以及荒腔走板的军号声
and strange, out of tune fanfares.
大家来看 这个词很少见吧
ow this is pretty rare, isn't it, everybody?
这个小小的标注 roh
This little word
这并非是皇家歌剧院的缩写
It does not stand for Royal Opera House.
它的含义是 未经雕琢
It stands for the word which means unrefined.
粗犷的
Raw, yeah?
粗厉的
trident.
并不是说演奏出的声音一定要很大
It's not so much that it needs to be very loud,
而是要表现出极端化 边缘化的感觉
it just needs to have a particular bite or edge to it, doesn't it?
甚至可以摒弃旋律性 再试一遍
ot wholly musical. Can I hear it?
二 三 四...
Two, three, four...
很好 这次好多了
OK, good. That's better.
圆号请再轻柔一些 更尖锐一点
If the horns are a bit softer and a little bit edgier,
可能效果会更好
I think it would be better.
另外 起音早一点 刚才比拍子慢了
And also earlier. It's late.
二 三 四...
Two, three, four...
下面我来说一下双簧管演奏的要领
Let me just address what the oboes are going to do.
请吹奏一下极强音的那部分
Could I just hear it, the three Fs?
曲谱上标注的那个词是尖锐的意思
It says Grell. Well, that just means shrill.
双簧管刚才演奏得很大声
This sounds like loud oboe playing.
声音的确很好听 很细腻
It sounds great, it sounds quality.
可问题是 这里不该这么细腻
It shouldn't sound quality,
而是应该刺耳一些 夸张一些
it should sound strident and exaggerated.
要达到这种音效 最好的办法
And it's been suggested that the best way to do it
就是将簧片含入口腔的更深处
is to actually put the reed further in the mouth.
多含住一点簧片 试试看吧
Just put it all further in. Would you try that?
奏出的声音会有些失真 但没关系
Don't worry if it sounds distorted,
那就是马勒想达到的效果
that's what he wants.
一 二 三...
One, two, three...
就是这样 好多了
That's it, that's better.
一 二 三...
One, two, three...
他一直在不断尝试着
What he was trying to do was experiment with
对管弦乐团的潜力进行着挖掘
how far the orchestra could be taken,
就这点而言 他可谓继承了柏辽兹的衣钵
and in this way, of course, he was a great successor to Berlioz
因为柏辽兹生前也在做着同样的尝试
who wanted to do the same thing in his time.
这也在某种程度上 令马勒成为了
And in a way, that makes Mahler the first
20世纪第一位伟大的作曲家
of the great 20th century composers.
马勒只在假期进行作曲
Mahler composed during his holidays.
他平日在这里工作
His day job was here,
在这个歌剧院担任指挥和导演
as conductor and director of the Court Opera.
在波希米亚出生 在犹太家庭长大
orn in Bohemia and raised as a Jew,
这使得马勒总是与所处社会格格不入
Mahler was always the outsider.
他曾说 身为犹太人
eing a Jew, he said,
仿佛像是生来就长了一双短臂
was like being born with a short arm
因此游泳时必须付出常人两倍的力气
and having to swim twice as hard.
的确 尽管他天赋异禀
Indeed, despite his obvious talents,
却遭到反犹太主义的打压
he came up against anti-Semitism.
不过他马上就能脱离苦海了
ut salvation was at hand.
交响乐文化已传播到了几千英里之外
ymphonic culture had become all the rage a thousand miles away,
马勒等民族乐派作曲家
and Mahler, along with nationalist composers
包括德沃夏克 柴可夫斯基
Dvorak, Tchaikovsky
还有西贝柳斯 一同
and Sibelius, was imported
成为了新生音乐文化的奠基人
to plant the seed of a new musical culture.
美国 以纽约为首
America, and particularly New York,
为欧洲音乐文化开辟了新的市场
rovided a new and highly lucrative market
利润相当丰厚
for European musical culture.
1891年 柴可夫斯基应邀指挥
Tchaikovsky was invited to attend
卡耐基音乐厅的开幕音乐会
the opening of the Carnegie Hall in 1891,
马勒担任了纽约爱乐乐团
Mahler came to conduct the New York Symphony Orchestra
和大都会歌剧院的指挥
and The Metropolitan Opera,
德沃夏克则成为了国家音乐学院的院长
and Dvorak was asked to head The National Conservatory
年薪一万五千美金
where his annual salary of $15,000
是他在布拉格音乐学院任教时薪水的近三十倍
was nearly 30 times more than he was earning at the conservatoire in Prague.
更为重要的是
Most significantly however,
正是在纽约 德沃夏克
it was here in New York that Dvorak
创作了《第九交响曲自新大陆》
composed his symphony No 9, from the New World
并于1893年进行首演
which was premiered in 1893.
克莱夫 1893年12月16日
Clive, on Dec 16, 1893,
《第九交响曲自新大陆》在这里首演
the New World Symphony was premiered here at Carnegie Hall.
首先 您能向我介绍一下卡耐基先生吗
First of all, can you tell me something about Mr Carnegie?
他可以说是当时最成功的企业家了
He was possibly the most successful industrialist of his age.
他一度被誉为世界首富
At one time, he was reckoned to be the richest man in the world.
他是钢铁制造商 更是伟大的慈善家
He was a steelmaker, but also an unbelievable philanthropist
当然 他也是卡耐基音乐大厅的创始人
and, of course, he created Carnegie Hall.
但音乐厅却是为他在合唱团的妻子建的
ut that came about because his wife sang in a chorus
当时纽约没有音乐厅 所以
and there was no concert hall. So, as you do,
她就叫丈夫为自己建了一座音乐厅
he asked him to build a concert hall for her.
但他并没有去找当时最知名的建筑师
Instead of going to the greatest architect of the day,
而是找了合唱团的财务总管
he went to the guy who was treasurer of the choral society.
他是个会拉大提琴的乐师
He was a cellist, he was a musician,
但并不出名
ut he, he wasn't well known.
卡耐基让他建一座音乐厅
He asked him to build a concert hall.
可他从来也没有建过音乐厅
He'd never built one in his life before.
卡耐基把他送到欧洲去观摩各式的音乐厅
He sent him to Europe to look at all the concert halls
他回来后便修建了一座前所未有的音乐厅
and he came back and built something unlike anything he'd seen.
那场音乐会是由安东·塞都指挥的
ow the concert itself, it was conducted by Anton Seidl
他可是国际知名的指挥家
- who was a big international figure unlike. - Absolutely.
他是汉斯·李希特的助手
He was assistant to Hans Richter,
曾协助其在拜罗伊特
assisted with conducting
指挥《尼伯龙根的指环》
the Ring Cycle in Bayreuth.
事实上他是一个忠实的瓦格纳拥护者
He came here, in fact he was a great Wagnerian,
所以他在这里也指挥了许多瓦格纳的作品
o he conducted a lot of Wagner here as well.
安东·塞都影响巨大
o he made a huge impact here.
他可以说是纽约最举足轻重的音乐家
He was the most important musician in New York.
卡耐基音乐大厅虽由新手建造
Despite being built by a novice,
其音响效果却备受称赞 很快
Carnegie Hall was praised for its acoustics and it soon became
它便成为了美国文化生活的标志性符号
the landmark in American cultural life that it remains today.
全美国上下的城市
All across America,
如波士顿和芝加哥 纷纷建起了音乐厅
in Boston and Chicago, for instance, symphony halls were built.
新兴企业家们和中产阶级
The new entrepreneurial and middle class
纷纷来到交响音乐厅听交响乐
went to the symphony to hear symphonies.
德沃夏克则在这里帮助他们
And Dvorak was there to help them
将欧洲音乐文化美国化
Americanise a European musical culture.
德沃夏克发挥了重要的作用
Dvorak was important
身为一个捷克人 他通过
ecause, as a Czech, he had created Czech culture,
把捷克音乐国际化 来发扬捷克文化
y, in a sense, taking international culture,
当时德国曲风独占鳌头
which was really German,
他减少了其风格的应用 发扬捷克曲风
taking out the Germanisms and putting in Czechisms.
人们希望他能来到美国
It was hoped that he would come to the United States,
在捷克曲风中融入更多美国的音乐风格
take out the Czechisms, put into Americanisms
并为美国作曲家树立一个典范
and be a kind of object lesson for American composers
告诉他们应该怎样发扬本土音乐文化
about how one makes national music that belongs to them,
而不是异域的音乐文化
rather than to some other distant culture.
德沃夏克在美国待了两年半
Dvorak stayed in America for two and a half years.
其间参加了水牛比尔的《西部狂野秀》
He was taken to Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show,
节目还请来了几位印第安音乐家
which also included native American musicians.
他在音乐学院的学生中
And amongst his pupils at the conservatory
有几名是非裔美国人
were several African Americans,
包括歌手亨利·撒克·伯莱
otably the singer Henry T Burleigh
和作曲家威尔·马里昂·库克
and composer Will Marion Cook,
艾灵顿公爵的老师
who went on to teach Duke Ellington.
德沃夏克说 在黑人音乐的旋律中
In the negro melodies of America, Dvorak said,
我发现了伟大音乐流派所需具备的一切元素
I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music.
德沃夏克到达美国后
When he arrived in America,
便搜集了一些与音乐相关的文章和材料
Dvorak was given articles and musical material
作为创作的参考
that he might use in his compositions.
其中一本知名的杂志叫《黑人音乐》
One of the most famous was a journal called Negro Music,
上面刊登了一篇文章 文章作者
with an article by somebody with the improbable name
以约翰·汤索尔为名介绍了六例黑人音乐
of Johann Tonsor, that had six examples of black music.
德沃夏克显然吸取了这些元素
And it seems that Dvorak certainly drew on these
作为《自新大陆》的创作素材
for the composition of the New World Symphony.
这是《马车轻摇载我回家》中的一句旋律
Here's one fragment of Swing Low Sweet Chariot...
和《自新大陆》中的旋律非常相似
which is very much like the New World Symphony.
您对作者约翰·汤索尔有哪些了解呢
And do we know anything about the author, this Johann Tonsor?
约翰·汤索尔这个人并不存在
Johann Tonsor doesn't exist.
这个名字由是一位很了不起的女士起的
Johann Tonsor was a name made up by a wonderful woman,
她叫缪德莉·希尔 来自肯塔基
who was an ethnographer of Afro-American music from Kentucky
是一位研究黑人音乐的人种学家
amed Mildred Hill,
我个人认为 她是德沃夏克认识的人中
who was, I think, the only person Dvorak came into contact
唯一一位作品知名度高过德沃夏克之人
with whose music was more famous than Dvorak's
《生日快乐歌》是她的作品
ecause she wrote Happy Birthday.
吸引德沃夏克的
The other American culture
另一文化元素便是印第安文化
that attracted Dvorak's interest was that of the Native Americans.
他没有怎么听他们的音乐
He didn't hear much of their music,
却被海华沙的传说深深吸引
ut was captivated by the Hiawatha story.
德沃夏克对朗费罗的
Dvorak became deeply involved
《海华沙之歌》着迷不已
with Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha.
他年轻的时候就知道这个故事了
He'd known it as a young man
故事的翻译者是他的朋友
the Czech translator was a friend of his.
德沃夏克告诉评论家亨利·克雷比尔
Dvorak told the critic Henry Krehbiel
那段广板是根据《海华沙的求婚》这个章节所写
that the Largo was based on a chapter called Hiawatha's Wooing,
它描绘了海华沙和米妮哈哈
and I believe it represents Hiawatha and Minnehaha's journey
在原始广阔的美洲大陆上跋涉的场景
through primeval American spaces.
原版的节奏要快一些
It was originally faster,
但是在安东·塞都瓦格纳式风格的演绎下
ut under the influence of the Wagnerian conductor Anton Seidl,
演奏速度由行板变为小广板
it turned from probably an andante to a larghetto.
在指挥家的手稿上我们可以见到
Then we see it crossed out on the manuscript.
小广板的标识被划去
Larghetto crossed out,
演奏速度最终定为极舒缓的广板
largo finally appearing there as the speed,
缓慢的旋律与音乐极强的叙事性
with some equation between the slowness
形成了一种极其和谐的状态
and the deep expressivity of the passage.
这是德沃夏克当年的坐席
We've arrived up here, in fact where Dvorak sat.
十号包厢 是的
- In Box 10. - Absolutely.
观众反响怎么样 反响很热烈
- So how was it received? - It was received incredibly.
观众十分喜爱演奏的曲目
Everybody loved the music.
很重要的原因是音乐元素与他们相关
I think what was important was it related to them as well.
乐曲凸显了美国主题
There were American themes.
是在美国为美国而作的属于美国人的音乐
It was a piece for America, and of America, in America.
詹姆斯·吉本斯·亨内克
Writing about the premier, James Gibbons Huneker,
这位给德沃夏克推荐
the journalist who'd given Dvorak
《黑人旋律》文章的评论家
the article with Negro Tunes,
在首演评论中向德沃夏克为美国音乐
acknowledged the new hybrid soil
注入了新的文化元素致敬
in which this musical culture was taking root.
德沃夏克的交响乐充满了美国风味
Dvorak's symphony is American, is it?
一个捷克人用美国的黑人旋律作了曲
Themes from negro melodies composed by a Bohemian,
然后由匈牙利人指挥
Conducted by a Hungarian
德国的乐团在苏格兰人建的音乐厅里演奏
and played by Germans in a hall built by a Scotchman.
几年内都不会再有一场音乐会
It will probably be many years
能像这场一样受到如此高的关注
efore a concert will be talked and written about as was this one.
纽约音乐学院
The New York Conservatory
在上世纪30年代的大萧条时期关闭
folded during the depression in the 1930s.
德沃夏克创作《自新大陆》的住所
The house where Dvorak lived and composed the New World Symphony
也已于1991年被毁
was demolished in 1991.
但他对美国音乐产生的影响是久远的
ut his influence on American music was lasting.
他的慢板旋律与黑人的灵歌旋律极为相似
His famous largo sounds so much like a negro spiritual
因此他的一位学生
that it was given words
威廉·阿姆斯·费舍尔为此曲填了词
y one of his pupils, William Arms Fisher,
由著名黑人歌手保罗·罗伯逊录音演唱
and famously recorded by African American singer Paul Robeson.
从此便成为了一首美国家喻户晓的歌曲
It's become a piece of American popular music.
在当时 拥有交响乐传统
At this time, having a symphonic tradition
是证明一个国家是否正统的标志
roved you were a proper nation.
所以美国人希望德沃夏克创作美式交响乐
That's why America wanted Dvorak to create one.
沙皇俄国在此前也是这样
Just as the powerful Russian Empire
融入本民族的音乐元素
had done a generation earlier
创造出独树一帜的交响曲风
using elements of their folk music.
在圣彼得堡 能够把民族音乐灵魂
Here in St Petersburg, most successful
与传统德国音乐融为一体的集大成者
at combining the national soul with